Morphology

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Typology

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The classification of languages according to common or shared morphological structures.

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Classification

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Synthetic language

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A language in which syntactic relationships are expressed primarily by inflectional morphemes rather than by word order.

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Fusional language

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Language in which morphemes have more than 1 meaning fused into a single affix

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Analytic language

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A language in which syntactic relations are expressed primarily by word order rather than by inflectional morphemes

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Monomorphemic

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Consisting of a single morpheme

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Bound morpheme

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Morpheme that must attach to another morpheme

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Affix

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A sub-type of bound morpheme, including prefixes, suffixes, infixes and circumfixes.

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A bound root

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A non-affix morpheme that cannot stand alone.

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Affixes

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Inflectional affix

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An affix that adds grammatical information to a word.

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Morpheme

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The smallest unit of meaning in a word.

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Content word

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Word with a lexical meaning (noun, verb, adjective or adverb)

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Open class/content word

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A category of word that accepts new members.

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Participle

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The form of the verb in English that follows auxiliary 'have' or 'be'. For example "I am sleeping/ I have slept".

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Suppletion

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A process of change whereby one form of a word has no phonological similarity to a related form of that word.

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Am--> is

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Agglutinative language

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A language in which several morphemes attach to a root, with each morpheme usually having only a single meaning, where a single 'word' can represent a 'sentence' worth of information.

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Slang

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An informal word or expression that has not gained complete acceptability & is used by a particular group.

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Neologism (coining)

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The least common of the word creation processes: typically refers to a word derived from an existing word or with reference to other common morphological processes.

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Compounding

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Creating new words by combining two or more words into a single word. Usually results in stress being moved to the first syllable in English.

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E.g. blackbird

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Eponym

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A word that comes from the name of a person or company associated with the thing/action it describes.

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Reduplication

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A word formation process that functions by doubling an entire morpheme or part of a morpheme.

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Lexicon

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Mental dictionary

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Polymorphic

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Made up of more than 1 morpheme

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Function word

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Linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes)

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Determiner

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The, a, this, that, these, those, his, my

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Function words

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Numeral

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One, five, ten, second, eighth

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Function word

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Quantifier

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All, each, every, both

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Function word

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Preposition

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Without, in, on, over, behind, above, around

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Box

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Auxiliary verb

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Have, be, do

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Free morphemes

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Single morphemes that can stand alone as words

Ex. Assign(free)-ment(bound)

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Infix

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Affix that attaches in the middle of the word

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Circumfix

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Affix that is split and attached at the beginning or the end of the word

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Derivational affix.

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Attach to other morphemes to form new words

Ex. -able

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Content

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Productive rules

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Morphological rules that regularly combine certain morphemes are called ...

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Transmit+ion

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Nonproductive rules

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Apply to create only a single word

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Cran(berry)

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Inflectional affixation

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Affixes that express grammatical info.

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Case, tense, aspect, number, person

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Mutation

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When the vowel changes

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Ring rang rung

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Blends

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Involves telescoping words together

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Apathy+pathetic = apathetic

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Conversions

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Sometimes we create words just by moving them to another syntactic category

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Mother (n) --> to mother (v)

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Initialism

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initials, but no pronounced as words

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OMG

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Clipping

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We create new words by omitting syllables (as opposed to morphemes)

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Pantaloons--> pants

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Back formation

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Words are formed by omitting what appears to be or is interpreted as a morpheme, but which is not

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Scaveng(er)

To sightsee--> sightseeing