Morphology

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orthographic word

Back 1

a unit in print, bounded by space on both sides (though I would add "or a period on the right side")

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forms

Back 2

"shapes" of a word

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word-forms

Back 3

orthographic words; or realizations of a lexeme

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realisation

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the act of making an abstract entity real; (e.g. putting a lexeme into a word-form, expressed in a way that can be seen, heard, written down, etc.)

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lexeme

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a dictionary word; an abstract unit of vocabulary realized by word-forms; (e.g. big, bigger, biggest are word-forms of lexeme BIG); usu. represented in all capital letters (not by all linguists)

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citation form

Back 6

the word-form of a lexeme most commonly used to represent the lexeme; in English, usu. verb stem; in Spanish, the infinitival form of verb.

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morphology

Back 7

the study of words and their structure

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paradigms

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A set of forms, corresponding to some subset (defined in terms of a particular morphological category) of the grammatical words of a single lexeme. (e.g. Spanish -o, -as, -a, -amos, -an)

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paradigmatic relationship

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the relationship betw substitutable items w/in a paradigm (e.g. relat. betw -o & -as)

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grammatical words

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words defined in terms of their place in the paradigm & named by descriptions; e.g. 'the past participle of WALK', which spell out that place. [he] walked & [he has] walked

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'word'

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[in Bauer's book] superordinate term for all 3: (1) word-forms, (2) lexemes, (3) grammatical words

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idioms

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phrases that look like ordinary syntactic constructions but meanings are not derivable fr meanings of components (throw in the towel; kick the bucket).

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lexical item (listeme)

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any item listed in the lexicon (mental dictionary). Includes lexemes, phrasal verbs, idioms, and even some proverbs (a stitch in time saves nine) & well-known quotes (to be or not to be); must be learned as wholes and precise make-up not predictable by a rule.

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potentially free [morphs]

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morphs that have the potential of being word-forms on their own (e.g. some & thing in 'something')

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obligatorily bound [morphs]

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morphs which cannot be word-forms by themselves but which need to be attached to other morphs

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root

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part of word-form that's left after all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed; basic part of a lexeme which is always realized & cannot be further analyzed into smaller morphs (in latin, bound, in eng usu potent. free); e.g. type & writer in typewriter (1 lexeme, 2 roots)

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affix

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obligatorily bound morph which does not realize a lexeme. Must make reference to some other morpheme or class of morphemes in any statement of distribution. (prefixes, suffixes, infixes; also circumfixes, interfixes, & transfixes according to some)

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base

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anything an affix attaches to (dealing is the base of dealings, although root is deal)

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prefix

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affix attached before base (untroubled, un- is prefix)

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suffix

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affix attached after a base (-less in useless)

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infix

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affix attached to middle of base

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inflectional [affix]

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Produces new WORD-FORM from a base; (1) generally doesn't change base's part of speech (2) has regular meaning (e.g. plural -s) (3) if you can add it to 1 member of a class, usu can add it to all members of that class; productive (although deriv. can also be productive)

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derivational [affix]

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Produces new LEXEME from a base; (1) changes base's part of speech (2) may have irregular meaning (-age) (3) limited productivity, large gaps (must be deriv)

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productive

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A process is productive to the extent that it can be used in the creation of new forms; it can be "generalized" to extent results can be seen in known words; most ling use "productive" for both meanings.

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generalized

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results can be seen in known words

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phonetically (phonologically) conditioned

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s & z (voiced, voiceless) the distribution between morphs is determined by the sound preceding it. (cats; jeans)

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lexically conditioned

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the morph is determined by the specific word (go > went; break > broke)

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grammatically conditioned

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e.g. adjectives change depending on gender of noun it is modifying (suffix on adjective) -> no, na - no Brazil, na terra in the.. masc. fem

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morpheme

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In the Bauer book, an element which represents a correlation betw form and meaning at a level lower than the word. {abstract concept}

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allomorphs

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a conditioned morph; a conditioned realization of a morpheme. /s/ /z/ are phonetically conditioned allomorphs of the plural morpheme. {plural}

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portmanteau morph

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a morph that realizes more than one morpheme (the suffix -o in Spanish realizes morpheme {plural} and {singular}); some scholars use term for two morphs fused into one- Portuguese do - de & o; da - de & a