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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Elton's Niche?
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Species occupation
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What was Hutchinson's Niche?
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the environmental conditions in which a species can maintin a population (temp and ph)
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What is performace?
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population, density, feeding rate
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Abiotic means>
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temp, ph, oxygen concentraton
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When is the population density the best according to the graph?
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In the middle of the physical/ chemical gradient
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What matters in terms of survival?
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Survival and growth don't really matter without reproduction
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When will there be a larger population?
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When there are more offspring
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How do you maintain a population?
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by reprouction!
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What did Elton think a Niche defined?
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Thought of what the species did in the environment, actions define interactions
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what was hutchinson interested in?
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under what conditions the species could survive
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What is the Niche Volume?
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Volume of all those conditions under which a species can maintain a population
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What limits a species?
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distribution, chemical factors, species interaction, dispersal
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What can we do if we know a species niche?
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Predict wher we will find
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What does distribution normally coincide with?
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abiotic limits such as with the bat and coral reefs
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what is the most prevalent vector born disease in the US?
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Lyme disease
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What does summer do for disease?
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Good for vectors, bad for flu
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What causes Lyme disease?
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ixodes (deer ticks) that suck your blood and carry borrelia pathogen
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Describe Borellia.
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It is a gram - spirochete
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What is another example of a spirochete?
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syphilis
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How is borrellia transferred between mammals and birds?
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by ticks
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WHat does a tick do between stages?
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has a blood meal
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WHat limits a vector borne disease?
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Distribution of the vector!
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How do we know the limits of a vector borne disease?
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The field tests
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What limits tick distribution?
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Temperature and water
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How many variables did they find for tick water/temp?
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16 decribing availability
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Was the map the created accurate in predicting lyme disease?
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Certainly!
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What accounts for Western Cases of lyme disease?
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Another species of deer tick
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What does lyme disease attack
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the CNS
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Do diseases have seasonal dynamics?
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Yes ie Australia and US are out of sync with flu
winter transmittance is easier |
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Are all diseases predictable?
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Not stuff like cholera which is not cyclical
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How do we put this into that model?
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By changing B to have fluctuating values
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What does cholera look like on a graph?
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chaos
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What is the amplitude of B for chaos?
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bigger
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What is the driver of seasonal dynamics?
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chaos
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What is El nino vs La nina?
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El nino heats up in winter, la nina means cold and there is a regular pattern, therefore we can predict the incidence of flu by the ocean temp...why? because of changes in local conditions result
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How do ecologicl effects on infectious disease typically operate?
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through the dynamics of vectors and hosts!
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What is the goal of most animals?
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eat and don't get eaten
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Describe the bunny, grass, lynx model
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plants fill world, grass is self limiting, bunnies up cuz of grass etc
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DEscribe the life of a deer tick.
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A cycle which is complex and has multiple stages meaning the tick will have multiple hosts
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What is true of all vector relationships?
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Parasites pass on another parasite
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What has the greatest impact on the tick population?
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deer and mice!
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What is mast year and what does it fo for animals?
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when there are bumper cropsand the result in more animals
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What do more acorns mean?
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More mice!
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What happens on plots where acorns are added?
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More ticks!
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What ratio will remain constant regardless of acorns?
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Tick to Mice
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What mouse delicacy is a scourge in North America? What is the problem?
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Gypsy Moths which mic elove so it increases mice by decreases oak which in turn in bad for the mice?
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Is there a way to reconcile the oak/mouse/ gypsy problem?
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No because the two are directly linked
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What can make a disease less severe?
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When the population size is smaller
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What are great environments for ticks? What is not and how does that affect?
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People mice and deer, but not so much with chippies so as chippies go up mice struggle to find as much food and there is less transmission
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Where do infectious diseases hit the hardest
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babies!
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What can milk do for certain dair infections?
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Will have a higher content of lipids if infected, there will be more free floating fatty aacids, two types of lipids inhibit growth of staph infections
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What do drs often not do which is stupid?
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not get vaccinated
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What do bacteria do that is human like and what is it called
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sociomicrobiology, bacteria will redirect and signal one another to form biofilms, when bacteria form strucutres they are more resistant, we are learning how to talk to bacteria, quarum sesning is bacteria speak
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What sort of infections are increasing?
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Fungal infections are increasingly striking people, cancer patients may be more susceptible, very few drugs treat fungal infections
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What new bit of technology are campuses looking at?
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Antimicrobial mice which is 99% effective in deactivating/ preventing transmission, self cleansing
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What is a huge disease threat? Who should we attend to first?
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Pandemic flu we should attend to thus who are crucial to society first and then those most at risk we need to decide on whats most dangerous and find a quick production cycle
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what new technology might replace a yucky flu-shot?
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flumist which has been approved is refrigerated and is quick and painless
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What is global warming waking up?
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Sleeping viruses that can survive in the ice and then be released, some pathogens will be released by it is doubtable they will pose a huge threat
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What rabbit vaccine is a two for one?
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myxoma and RHD
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How do you humans impact climate change?
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deforesstation and combustion of fossil fuels which release heat trappers
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How does global warming affect disease?
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Affects the dispersal of vectors, storms like Katrina, the acutal diseases
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What was ushered in by Hurricane Ivan?
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a fungal disease known as soybean rust that loves warmth and moisture
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What about coral reefs and coastal zones?
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It destroys them which sucks because they may have cures etc
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How does global warming affect animal interactions?
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alters the blance among preadotr and competitors that help keep pests and pathogens in check
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Whats moving northward in sweden?
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disease bearing ticks?
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How is lyme disease affected by people?
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predators of deer and mice are being erased
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What common vector is lovin' global warming?
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Misquitoes who are very senstive to temperature and the warmth increases rates of production, number of meals, breeding and now we see more of them migrating to higher ground
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What accelerates viral devlopment?
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Dry Springs and hot summers
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How do misquitos affect rodens?
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Give west nile to birds, birds die, they normally regulate rodents
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What do coastal storms trigger?
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algal blooms ie red tide?
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how do droughts affect trees?
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weaken defenses
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What do heat waves do?
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Kill all on their own
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What has happened with asthma
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gone way up because of climate change
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What problem has been happening in South America?
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Dust from stupid Africa
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What are tranposons
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segments of DNA that are known to wonder aka jumping genes, source of mutation in bacteria, they carry no matieral accept for the matieral need to enter the DNA, but can disrupt
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What is gene recombination?
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Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation
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Describe conjugation
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Steps:donor cell contacts recipient, channel forms, an enzyme nicks a strand of the f factor and single strand passes through, when he strand arrives in the cell it makes a complemntaryy strand and a double helix forms, new dna is formed in the old cell, , double helix bends to form a loop and yield a plasmid
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DEfine conjugation
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two cells come together and a donor transfers some of its genetic material to a recipient, the donor is f+, and the receiver is f-, the plasmid of a donor is cell is called f factor and contains about 20 genes, the genes encodes enzymes that replicate DNa and encode for sex pili or F pili
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What is Hfr
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In Hfr-donater when DNA passes and goes to the chromosome
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Define transduction
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gene transfer occurs with the assistacnce of a bacterial virus (bacteriophage)
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What are the steps of transduction?
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bacteriophage attaches, DNa from phage enter the cytoplasm, viral DNA multiplies by encoding additional strands of phage DNA and other components, the bacterial DNA breaks down and some gets sucked into the phage
Phage particles are released, the normal phage go on, abnormal phage interacts with cell, phade DNA enter he host cell, but since it bacteria it sticks around and gives the DNA to the bacteria |
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What is transformation
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bacterium acquires genes form its surrounding environment, direct uptake of fragments
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How does transformation work?
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Donor bacterium disintergrates and liberates its DNA, live bacteria takes it up, fragment enter the cytoplasm, integreated into DMA
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