More Experimental Design Notecards

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Independent Variable

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assumed to influence or predict another variable (Factor; Explanatory Variable)

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Fixed Effects Variables

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levels of variable assigned

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Random Effect Variables

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levels of variable randomly assigned

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Dependent Variable

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assumed to be affected by changes or differences in IV (outcome variable)

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Control Variables

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factors experimenter attempts to hold constant

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Mediating Variable

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an explanatory variable between the IV and DV

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Moderating Variables

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an explanatory variable that identifies conditions under which an IV affects a DV - the relationship between variables A and B depends on the level of another variable

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Constructs

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abstract concepts used in theories

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Confounding Variable

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unmeasured variables related to both IV and DV that could explain a relationship or effect

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Covariate

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variable that is possibly predictive of the outcome or DV under study (concomitant variable)

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Internal Validity Threat - History

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any even that occurs during the course of study that could affect the outcome

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Internal Validity Threat - Maturation

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changes that naturally occue with passage of time

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Internal Validity - Selection

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participation based on a criterion other than random assignment

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Internal Validity Threat - Attrition

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loss of participants during the research (mortatlity)

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Internal Validity Threat - Testing

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Changes due to repeated testing

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Internal Validity Threat - Instrumentation/Measurement

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Changes in way outcome is measured

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Internal Validity - Statistical Regression

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extreme scores tend to change in direction (regress) of mean across repeated testing

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Internal Validity

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extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Such warrant is constituted by the extent to which a study minimizes systematic error (or 'bias').

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External Validity

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extent to which results apply beyond the study, that is, generalize to the target population (other samples) and conditions different from study conditions

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Population Validity

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type of external validity which describes how well the sample used can be extrapolated to a population as a whole

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Temporal Validity

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type of external validity that refers to whether findings from a study hold true over time.

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Ecological Validity

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type of external validity that refers to the extent to which the findings of a research study are able to be generalized to real-life settings

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Treatment Variation Validity

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type of external validity the degree to which one can generalize the results of the study across variations of the treatment

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Outcome Validity

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type of external validity, the degree to which one can generalize the results of the study across different but related dependent variables

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Measurement Validity

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degree the phenomenon or variables in research questions are actually being measured (construct validity)

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Four types of probability sampling methods

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simple, systematic, stratified, and cluster

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systematic random sampling

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variant of simple random sampling - identify a starting point in the list to begin sampling, identify a sampling interval and select the sampling

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Stratified Random Sampling (SRA)

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used when subgroups of interest in the population are of unequal size

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Strata

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reflect a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic

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Type of sampling that maximizes between group differences and minimizes within group differences

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Stratified random sampling

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Cluster Sampling

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useful when members of the population fall into naturally occuring groups, the population is large and widely dispersed, and it would be difficult to work with a simple random sample

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Power of a test

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1-beta

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Under what assumption is power computed?

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that the null hypothesis is false