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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is different about reproduction from all other functions of the body
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reproduction is not needed to sustain individual life
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What is a clone?
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a genetically identical cell or organism produced through asexual reproduction
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a genetically identical cell or organism produced through asexual reproduction
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clone
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what is binary fission?
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the process of prokaryotes dividing in two
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the process of prokaryotes dividing in two
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binary fission
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how does hydra reproduce?
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budding
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how does a flatworm reproduce?
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fragmentation
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What are the types of asexual reproduction
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binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction
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what is vegetative reproduction
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asexual reproduction in plants
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how does vegetative reproduction work?
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plants grow runners which grow along the ground and grow roots forming new plants
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46
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Cells that carry a double set of chromosomes
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diploid
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what is a cell with just one set of chromosomes called?
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haploid
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for humans what is n?
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23
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for humans what is 2n?
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46
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if 2n = 8 how many chromosomes should you draw?
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4 pairs
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what are two chromosomes with the same characteristics caused?
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homologous
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what is the exception to homologous pairs?
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sex cells
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What is the purpose of homologus pairs?
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to produce variation among species
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what are somatic cells?
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body cells
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what is another name for body cells?
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somatic cells
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what is a sex cell called when it does not contain all chromosomes and its purpose it to join with another haploid?
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gamete
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what is the female gamete?
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ovum
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how does fertilization work?
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the nuclei of the female and male gametes fuse to corm a zygote
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what is a zygote
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a diploid fertilized egg
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a diploid fertilized egg
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zygote
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In fungi and some plants, what kind of cells are formed by meiosis?
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spores
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what are prokaryotic cell walls made out of?
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lipids carbohydrates and protein
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describe the dna in a prokaryotic cell
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one chromosome made of double stranded dna.
Chromosome is in the nucleoid which is attached to the plasma membrane ALso contains DNA in plasmids (also attached to plasma membrane) |
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what is the nucloid?
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the area in the prokaryotic cell which contains the dna and is attached to the cell membrane
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what are plasmids
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small circular dna molecules attached to the plasma membrane
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what are the types of prokaryotes
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Coccus, Bascillus, Spirillum
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what are the shapes of prokaryotes?
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rod, sphere, corkscrew
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what are flagella?
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whiplike expensions that help propel the prokaryote
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what are flagella made of?
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protein
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What is an orgaelle
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any part of a eukaryotic cell that has its own structure and function and is enclosed by a membrane
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What are cell walls made of
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cellulose
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What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
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the cells genetic control center
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what is the genetic control center in a eukaryotic cell?
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the nucleus
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what surrounds the nuclus?
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nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
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what is the nuclear envelope?
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the membrane that surrounds the nucleus
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How is the DNA organized in the nucleus?
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single long dna molecule wrapped around a series of protein spools
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what is the nucleoli?
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the drops of concentrated RNA within the nucleus
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what is the cytoplasm?
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everything within the cell but outside the nucleus
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What is contained in the cytoplasm?
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the organelles and cytosol
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what is cytosol?
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protein rich semi-fluid material that surrounds and bathes the organelles
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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protein skeleton which allows the cells to move and change shape
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what is the cytoskeleton's function with respect of the organelles
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has the ability to move organelles around or hold them in place
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what is the cytoskeleton made out of?
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hollow microtubes, microfiliments, intermediate filaments
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how thick are hollow microtubes?
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25 nm
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how thick are microfiliments?
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5 nm
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how thick are intermediates?
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10 nm
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where are ribosomes?
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scattered throughout the cell; attached to the ER
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what are ribosomes made out of?
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RNA and protein
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What do ribosomes do?
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catalyze the synthesis of a cell's protein
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What is the purpose of the endoplasmic reticulum
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connects many of the organelles; proteins synthesized in the ribosomes pass into ER as they are formed and are transported through the ER to the places where they are needed
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Where is the golgi apparatus?
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at the end of the Endoplasmic reticulum
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what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
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membranous sacs
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what is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
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as material passes through the compartments of the golgi apparatus it is packagedin spherical membrane enclosed vesicles
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What are vesciles?
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membrane enclosed spheres that appear to pinch off the Golgi apparatus
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What is the purpose of vesciles?
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they can fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside of the cell, or to other organelles
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What are the components of the internal membrane system?
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the ER, the Golgi apparatus, and the vesicles
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Where are lysosomes
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in animal cells and some other eukaryotes
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What are Lysosomes
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special vesicles that contain enzymes that break down the cell's old macromolecules.
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Which thing within an cell fuses with the cell membrane letting material pass in and out?
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Lysosomes
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Where are vacoules present?
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in plant cells
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what are vacoules?
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vesicles that enlarge as the cell matures
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What do vacoules contain?
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water, organic acids, digestive enzymes, salts, pigments
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What are the two organelles that are involved in energy reactions
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mitochondria (animals) and chloroplasts (plants)
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What are the power plants of the cell?
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mitochondria
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What is ATP
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the storage of energy in animals
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What are centrioles
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tubular structures in cells of animals and some algae and fungi that participate in cell reproduction
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What is the shape of centrioles
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cylindrical bundles of microtubes
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What are the difference between flagella in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
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the flagella in eukaryotic cells are surrounded by the plasma membrane and the flagella in prokaryotic cells stick outside the plasma membrane
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how do flagella move?
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enzymes in microtubes provide energy for motion
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What are cilia
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short flagella
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what is the purpose of cilia?
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to move the cell, to move material alongside a cell
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Why are loud noises bad for the ear?
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break of the cilia in the ear
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What does differentiation do?
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creates different cells that have individual functions and appearances
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What is a specialized mass or layer of cells called?
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tissue
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what are different tissues organized into?
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organs
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How does the transport system in plants work?
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takes waters and minerals from the roots to where they are need in the leaves. Also caries food produced by the leaves in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
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Why are systems necessary in multicellular organisms?
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1. Because of the division of labor among cells
2. individual cells cannot work together without coordination and regulation 3. cells do not come into contact with the outside environment |
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What are the levels of structure in the biosphere from largest to smallest
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Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom, subatomic particle
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What is eukaryotic cell division called?
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the cell cycle
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Why do cells want to divide
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so that it will have a better ratio of surface area to volume
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What is the purpose of mitosis?
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replace dead cells; growth; reproduction in unicellular organisms
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What is the period between cell divisions called?
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Interphase
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How are chromosomes structured when the cell is in interphase?
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chromosomes are chomatin which is unvisible in the nucleus
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what are the phases of the cell cycle?
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G1, S, G2, M
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What are cells when the are in G0?
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non-dividing
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what is R?
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the restriction point at which cells must continue the cell cycle and must divide
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why is it hard to repair damage to the brain or spiral colum?
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Because these cells rarely divide so the new cells can not be produced to be in place of the injured cells
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What happens during G1?
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cells grow and synthesized RNA, macromolecules and proteins and prepare for either the synthesis or mitosis phase
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What happens during synthesis?
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the DNA of each chromosome replicates to form an identical set of chromosomes
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What happens during G2?
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cell synthesizes RNA and proteins in preparation for mitosis
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What happens in mitosis?
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the nucleus divides in two
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what happens during cytokinesis?
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the whole cell divides in two
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what is it called when the whole cell divides in two?
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cytokinesis
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What is the chemical formula for what mitochondria do?
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C6H12O6+O2----> CO2+H2O+energy
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What is the chemical formula for what chloroplasts do?
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CO2+H20+Energy----->C6H12O6+O2
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What are the advantages to asexual reproduction
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only one organism, faster
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what are the disadvantages to asexual reproduction
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get all of one parents genes so if they had a problem it would be passed on; less advanced organisms because no natural selection
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Why do cells have internal membranes?
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Protection, division of labor
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what do all cells have in common?
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DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
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