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bear flag republic 1846

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declaring independence from mexican control; attained california and texas

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beat generation 1950s

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literary movement criticizing conformity of american society anf ever-present threat of atomic warfare

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birth of a nation 1915

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movie by d.w.griffith; portrayed reconstruction as a period when southern blacks threatened basic american values

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battle of the bulge 1944

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last major german offensive attack in WWII; costly; drove into belgium but later pushed back

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bull moose party 1912

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progressive party; bull moose candidate Teddy Roosevelt

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first battle of bull run 1861

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confederate victory over union; showed union that victory would not come easy

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second battle of bull run 1862

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robert e lee and confeds. won against union army

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battle of bunker hill 1775

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british attack on colonial forced at breed's hill boston; big losses, but british still won

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calvinism 1620

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protestant faith that preached salvation by faith alone and predestination; pure church in england did not happen so puritans came to america

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camp david accords 1979

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treaty btw egypt and isreal brokered by jimmy carter- isreal agreed to give back territory in sinai peninsula to agypt

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battle of chancellorsville 1863

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confed. attack on union led by stonewall and robert e lee. union defeated

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battle of chateau thierry 1918

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WWI american expedisionary force suffered severe casualties

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checkers speech 1952

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made by richard nixon on national television- defended himself against charges that rich supporters had set up a special expense account for his use- saved his political career

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circular letter 1767

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in reaction to townshend acts- letter to other colonies by mass. to work together and jointly issue a petition of protest

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civil rights act of 1866

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struck down black codes and defined rights of all citizens and fed. gov. can act of violated civil rights when at state level

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civil rights act of 1964

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made discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, origin illegal and segregation of any sort is illegal

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civil service commission 1883

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in charge of testing applicants and assigning them to appropriate governmant jobs

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civilian conservation corps 1933

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NEW DEAL program putting 3 million yound men to work, paid little

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clayton antitrust act 1914

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to strengthen the sherman antitrust act of 1890- activities such ad not allowing unions in factories and strikes in big businesses is illegal

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colonial assemblies

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exsisted in all british colonies in america; house of burgesses in virginia was the first

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committees of correspondence

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massachusetts first then all colonies. leaders of resistace to british rule listed grievances and circulated them through towns

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compromise of 1850

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lessened tensions between northern ans southern political leaders and prevented a possible secession crisis (fugitive slave act strengthened and california admited as free state)

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compromise of 1877

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ended presidential election of 1876- representatives of southern states agreed not to oppose the official election of rep. rutheford b hayes as president despite massive election irregularities. the union then stopped enforcing reconstruction legislation in south

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battle of concord 1775

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british v mass. militiamen ended in a bigger conflict between britain and colonies

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congress of industrial organizations 1938

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organized effective union drives in automibile and rubber industries- supported sitdown strikes

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conscription

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getting recruits for military using a draft

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continentals

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soldiers in american army commanded by george washington in the revolutionary war battle of trenton raised morals of soldiers

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contract with america 1994

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pledge by reps. for house of rep. in elections reps. won both houses for first time in 40 years

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convoy system 1940

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used to protect american ships carrying materials to bg in 1940+1

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copperheads

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democrats in congress in the first years of the civil war who opposed abe lincoln and the north's attack on the south b/c war would end with massive invasion of blacks to the north hurting the economy

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battle of the coral sea 1942

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american naval victory over japanese- preventes japanese form atacking australia

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coxey's army 1894

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supporters of populist coxey who marched on washington demanding that govt. create jobs for unemployed

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crittenden plan 1860

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designed to diffuse tesnion b/w north and south on slavery issue- voted against

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dark horse candidate

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little support as james k polk in 1844

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democratic party

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birth during jackson- drew principles from jefferson with limited govt.

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democratic-reps.

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ideas of jefferson-limited govt. abd a society dominated by the values of the yeomen farmer-opposed federalists

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detente

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lessening of tensions between nations

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direct primary

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progressive-era reform adopted by some states that allowed candidates for state offices to be nominated bt the tank and file party members in the statewide primaries

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"dollar diplomacy"

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Taft- increase american investment in world and the major method for instead increasing american influence and stability abroad

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domination of new england 1686

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king james II- mass. conn. r.i. n.y. plymouth and n.h. goverend by edmund andros as single entity w/o elective assembly

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double v campaign

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WWII policy that blacks in america should work for victory over the axis powers but at the same time oppression at home

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eisenhower doctrine 1957

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promised military and economic aid to friendly nations in the middle easr- to prevent communism from spreading

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essex junto

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group of mass. feds who met to woice displeasure with the policies of Jefferson in second term- proposed ny secede from the union

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exodusters 1877

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blacks who left south and moved to kansas for a better life after reconstruction

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fair deal

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domestic programs proposed by truman

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federal deposit insurace corporation

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100 days of FDR insured individual bank deposits up to $2500 and helped to restore bank confidence

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federal reserve system 1913

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established 12 distinct reserve banks to be controlled bu the banks in each district

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federal trade commission 1914

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established major govt. body in charge of regulating big business

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the feminine mystique 1963

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betty friedan's book that was bible to feminist movement

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final solution

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plan of adolf hitler and germany to eliminate jewish civilization from europe

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fireside chats

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broadcasts on radion by FDR to american people that made americans feel that he cared for them- did 16 in 2 terms

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force act 1832

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Jackson had power to invade any state if that action was necessary to enforce federal law

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fordney-mccumber tariff 1922

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increased tariff on imports

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fort sumter 1861

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fed. court located in charleston, SC fired on by confeds.- firstshots fired in civil war

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franciscans 1500s

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missionaries who established settlements in sw us- christian conversation was encouraged- slaves used

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battle of fredericksburg 1862

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union under burnside suffered a major defeat

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free trade

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philosophy that trade barriers and protective tariffs inhibit long-term economic growth

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freedom rides1961

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buses of black and white civil rights workers who rode on interstate buses to the deep south to see if southern states followed banned segregation

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freeport doctrine

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stephen douglas in lincoln douglas debates- a territory could still prevent slavery by electing officials who were opposed to it and by creating laws and regulations that would make slavery impossible to enforce

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gadsden purchase 1853

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arizona and new mexicao area purchase from mexico- pres. pierce

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geneve accords 1954

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after french defeat in vietnam, agreements- to prevent communists from gaining control us installed friendly govt. in s. vietnam

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gettysburg address 1863

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abe linconl speech at dedication ceremony for a cemetary for union soldiers who died at the battle of gettysburg- stated freedom for ALL men

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battle of gettysburg 1863

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most important battle of civil war- victory by union prevented lee from invading north- turned the tide

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GI bill 1944

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serviceman's readjustmen act- gave benefits to returning WWII veterans- financial assistance for those wanting education, loans for homes, govt. jobs easily accessed

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the gilded age late 1800s

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an era with a surface of greast prosperity hiding deep problems of social inequity and shallowness of culture

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glorious revolution 1688-9

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english revotuion where king james II was removed from throne and daughter and husband began to rule

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"gospel of wealth"

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andrew carnegie- wealthy have an obligation to create a trust fund to help local communities

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great society 1965

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pres. Johnson- war on poverty, medicare and medicaid programs, more protection and legislation of civil rights, funding for education

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greenback party 1870-80

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government should put more $ in circulation, 8 hour workday and female suffrage

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"greenbacks"

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paper $ issued by american govt. during and aftrer civil war