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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CB: Anchoring |
-The anchor is something you compare to while evaluating -Putting an expensive thing on a menu to make everything look cheaper |
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CB: Bandwagon effect/Herd instinct |
-Believe things bc everyone around you believes the same thing -Herd Instinct is to believe what others do to avoid social conflict |
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CB: Confirmation Bias |
You seek out/remember things that support your views or ideas |
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CB: Contrast effect |
Comparing one thing in relation to another you focus on the differences |
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CB: Distinction Bias |
Things appear more different when viewed simultaneously |
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CB: Loss Aversion |
People will demand more to give up an item than they paid bc it is worth more now that it is theirs |
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CB: Hostile Median effect |
You think something is hostile to your political views |
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CB: Temporal Discounting |
We value things in the future less than we do in the present |
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CB: Moral Credential Effect |
Thinking of yourself as morally good makes it easier for you to act unmorally |
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CB:Negativity Bias |
People will pay more attention to negative information |
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CB:Omission Bias |
Tendency to judge harmful actions as worse than equally harmful omissions -Doing something bad is worse than not doing something good |
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CB:Outcome Bias |
Judging a decision on the outcome of the act, rather than during decision making |
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CB:Planning Fallacy |
We underestimate how much time it takes to complete a certain task in the future |
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CB:Wishful Thinking |
You believe something bc you want it to be true |
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CB:Availability Heuristics |
The more you hear something the more common and probable you think it is -News networks make us believe that there a lot of murderers since thats what they show but crime rates are lower than ever |
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CB:Base Rate Neglect |
When statistics make us believe something that may not be true |
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CB:Belief Bias |
Believing something because a statement is said to be true -If rain is wet then my roof is wet. My roof is wet, therefore rain is wet NIGGA WHAT |
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CB:Conjunction Fallacy |
Belief that some things are more common than the other |
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CB:Gambler's Fallacy |
The belief that an outcome will be different based on previous outcomes, even though each outcome is not related at all |
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CB:Primacy and Receny Effect |
We remember the beginning and the end better than the middle |
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CB:Just World Phenomenon |
Believing that the world is a "just" place and that all victims did something to deserve their misfortune |
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CB:Actor-Observer Bias |
The tendency to explain the behaviour of others in terms of stable traits Actor-You were hungry that's why you lashed out Observer- What an ******* |
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CB:Risk Compensation |
The safer you feel the more likely that you will act risky -Certain things affect the amount of risks you will take |
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L&C: Structural Description of lang |
Set of symbols that can be arranged in a particular way |
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L&C:Functional Description of lang |
Complex code by which agents can communicate |
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L&C:Natural Language |
Created by the cultures of humans |
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L&C:Artificial language |
Created by individuals or small teams |
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L&C:Computer language |
Artificial language for communications with computers, lacking ambiguity |
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L&C:Animal Communication |
A.k.a. Zoosemiotics -Works through gestures, expressions, gaze, olfactory and vocalization, following -Establish dominance and territory |
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L&C:Human Language |
-Has structure, structure is implicit -Our knowledge of how to speak is implicit NOT explicit |
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L&C:Phonology |
How sounds are organized and used in language
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L&C:Morphology |
How sound and meaning interact in words |
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L&C:Syntax |
How sentences are put together |
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L&C:Semantics |
Meaning in language |
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L&C:Pragmatics |
How sentences interact with context to change meaning |
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L&C:Parsing |
S=Noun phrase = Verb phrase NP= (Det) + (adj*) + Noun VP = (Adv) + Verb + (NP) |
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L&C:Logic |
Logic is the formal, normative way of reasoning |
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A: Responding about corresponding parts of things |
Relating features of one object to that of another unrelated object based on the fact that they are alike in feature, position, or size |
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A:What is Analogy? |
A comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explaination Feature based |
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A:Steps in Analogy |
1. Retrieval 2. Mapping 3. Transfer/Adoption 4. Evaluation 5. Storage |
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A:Retrieval |
Finding something good in memory to make an analogy with |
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A:Mapping |
Finding correspondences between elements of the two analogues |
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A:Transfer/Adoption |
Using and changing knowledge of one analogue to lean/invent something in the other analogues |
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A:Evaluation |
Determine if the transfer of perception fulfilled what you wanted it to |
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A:Storage |
Indexing the memory so that it can be recalled on successfully in the future |
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A:Exemplar-based Reasoning |
Reasoning based on particular examples rather than on prototypes or rules |
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A:Memory-based Reasoning |
Reasoning from memories as opposed to using more abstract reasoning rules |
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A:Instance based reasoning |
Same as exemplar? |
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A:Case-based reasoning |
An AI field that reasons from "cases" in memory |
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A:Primary Scene |
Cognitive representation of experiences that everyone has, such as basic functions like chewing and swallowing |
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A:Correlation-based Metaphor |
Base metaphor is sensory, target is abstract, as in "The prices have fallen sharply |
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CSM: 10% of our brains? |
********, we use all of it Evolution wouldn't waste all that brain We believe this bc of wishful thinking and availability cascade you can lose whole hemispheres of your brain and still function normally Redundancy: use other parts of our brain to backup functions of other parts of the brain |
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CSM: Extra Sensory Perception (Psychic ****) |
-Not true -Confirmation bias, Neglect of Negative results, wishful thinking all make us believe this |
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CSM: Mozart makes Babies smarter |
-The effect is short term, small, and only based on arousal |
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CSM: IQ test are biased |
If they are biased, they would under predict the success of certain groups over others This DOES NOT happen IQ tests are NOT biased Item analysis is used to identify bad test questions |
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CSM: Happiness and money |
Money correlates with happiness until you're making about 75K per year
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CSM: Life events and happiness |
-Lottery winners and people who become disabled have happiness changes that only last a few months -Divorce and getting fired will fuk you up -60% of happiness is genetics |
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CSM: Two kinds of happiness |
1. Pleasure (day to day) 2. Life satisfaction (long term) |
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CSM: Childhood abuse and psychological disorders |
- Very weakly correlated with coefficient of 0.09, no connection - Conflict-ridden home is much more likely to cause problems |
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CSM: Artificial Intelligence is a failure |
-Without the findings of AI researchers our economics would fail |
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CSM: Full moon makes people act differently |
Confirmation Bias -Not true |
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CSM: How science works |
Theory becomes predictions, predictions become hypotheseses, hypotheses become experiments and Quasi-experiments |
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CSM: Quasi-Experiments |
Observations in the real world |
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CSM: Falsifiability |
Logical possibility that something could be proved wrong |
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CSM: Replicability |
Scientists try to repeat experiments to disprove them to make sure they are true |
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D: Sleep and Dreaming |
Can occur in REM and non-rem states REM includes rapid eye movement, muscle atonia, and usually dreaming |
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D: Worldly Interference |
If you dream you have to piss, you probably have to piss |
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D: Developing Brain |
Brain stem is very active DLPFC is deactivated |
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D: Dream Recall |
We typically forget dreams Recall correlates with visuospatial skill and differences in working memory |
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D: How to record dreams |
-Ask people -Keep a dream diary -Report dreams in the morning -Best way: wake people up during sleep and get reports |
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D: What are dreams like? |
-Scene shifts are common -Narrative -Usually in first person -Emotion usually matches content -Usually aren't bizarre -Animated -Rarely strange and we don't realize they are until we wake up -Due to selection bias |
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D: What are they NOT like |
-Films -Visual images -Recent social situations -Pre-sleep behvaiour -Episodic memories are rare |
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D: Threat Simulation Theory |
Dreams help us practice dealing with threats common in our ancestral environment |
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D: How can you affect your dreams |
Think about a problem you have before you go to sleep (Dream incubation) |
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D: AIM model of information processing: Activation |
Activation: Brain activity is predicted by brain activity Information Flow: Sensory input v. internal input |
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D: AIM model of information processing: Information flow |
Sensory input v. internal input |
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D: Aim Model of information: Activation-synthesis hypothesis |
-The brain stem is sending chaotic information and a dream is the frontal area trying to make sense of it -Doesn't serve a function, dreams are random |
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D: Support for Activation-synthesis Hypothesis |
Dream emotion seem to shape dreams Stop in dream recall is almost always caused by fore brain lesion |
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D: Dreams and Waking states |
People with no dream imagery tend to also not be able to picture things in their heads |
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D: Lucid Dreaming |
When you know you're dreaming and can control your actions, and sometimes dream content
You can move your eyes in the real world |
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D: Sleep Paralysis |
-Feel awake -Feel abject terror -Carryover from muscle atonia |
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Why have morality? |
Evolved to help us take care of the other people in our groups but not in other groups Groups with morality survived longer than those without |
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Self-interest |
I care about myself and my family All animals have instincts for gene-preservation |
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Friendship |
I care for historical cooperation partners |
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Tribalism |
I care about us, but not them |
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How do we know morality is evolved |
-In general, evolved and well learned behaviors work faster than deliberate ones |
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Footbridge/Trolley Explaination |
Two competing systems for our moral considerations: 1. Rational calculus which makes switch cases permissible 2. Emotional reaction caused by a dislike of getting our hands dirty |
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Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory |
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Disgust |
People who disgust us (hippies, obese) we judge harshly for purity-related moral infractions |
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Moral Dumbfounding |
Man cooks chicken brings it home has sex with it, cooks it and eat it. People think it's immoral but can't say why |
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Should you trust your instincts |
- People look to their feelings to decide whether is something is moral or not -You can make people thinks something is immoral with bad smells or bitter tastes |
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Politics and Morals |
Right wing people tend to have all six moral foundations fairly strong Left wing have only care/harm and liberty/oppression strong Libertarians have only liberty/oppression strong Politics is mostly genetic |
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Animal Morality |
nothing |
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Tragedy of the commons |
When there is a common thing anybody can take from but nobody is responsible for and it gets trashed |
