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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The central dogma |
DNA --> RNA --> PROTEIN The genetic flow of information |
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What is required for information containing biopolymers? |
1. defined start 2. An atom with at least 3 bonding options 3. some residue 4. common backbone 5. different side chains 6. defined end |
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Elements of life |
C, H, O, N, P, S Small atomic radii form strong covalent bonds |
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Unique properties of carbon |
1. life depends on carbon 2. all major biopolymers have a carbon backbone 3. it is NOT the most abundant element on earth's crust 4. can bind to itself and form long chains (catenation) 5. forms 4 bonds 6. inert or kinetically stable to hydrolysis and oxidation |
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elements of earth's crust |
1. O: 47% 2. Si: 28% 3. Al: 7.9% 4. Fe: 5% |
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What must an element do to form a polymer? |
it must have at least 3 valence or bonding electrons --> requires 2 bonds |
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Organic reactions tend to be |
under kinetic control versus thermodynamic control |
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Reactions are attractive for enzyme control when |
the rate of the reaction is so slow due to high activation energy and it being thermodynamically favourable |
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thermodynamically favourable |
from high energy, to low energy or from less stable, to more stable the product has less energy than the reactant |
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covalent |
equal electron distribution between the 2 atoms H-H C-C C-H |
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Partial charges |
asymmetrical electron distriution |
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ionic |
full charge on each atom, exchanged/trasnferred |
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Major Biopolymers |
1. lipids 2. carbohydrates |
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Functional groups |
site of organic reactivity in a compound, include (the functional group is not the name but the atoms and bonds): 1. amine groups 2. amide groups 3. Alkenes 4. Methyl 5. alcohol 6. aldehyde 7. carbonyl 8. carboxylic acid 9. alkynes |
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Amine groups
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ionic, basic, often positively charged at ph 7 H-N-H Primary amines can be shown in text as: RNH2 Secondary amines can be shown in text as: R2NH Tertiary amines can be shown in text as: R3N |
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amide groups |
a derivative of carboxylic acids, polar but non-ionic CONR Primary amides can be shown in text as: RCONH2 Secondary amides have an alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen: RCONHR Tertiary amides have two alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen: RCONR2 |
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alkenes |
Alkenes consist of a C=C double bond function.
Alkenes can be shown in text as: Mono substituted: RCH=CH2 1,1-disubstituted: R2C=CH2 1,2-disubstituted: RCH=CHR Alkenes are planar and there is no rotation about the C=C bond. Alkenes are electron rich reactive centres and are susceptible to electrophilic addition. |
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Methyl |
CH3 |
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Alcohol |
OH Primary alcohols have an -OH function attached to an R-CH2- group. Secondary alcohols have an -OH function attached to a R2CH- group. Tertiary alcohols have an -OH function attached to a R3C- group. |
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aldehyde
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Aldehydes have a hydrogen and an alkyl (or aromatic) group attached to a carbonyl function.
Aldehydes can be shown in text as: RCHO |
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carbonyl |
The carbonyl group is a super function because many common functional groups are based on a carbonyl, including:
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, acyl (acid) chlorides, acid anhydrides |
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Carboxylic acid |
Carboxylic acids have an alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a hydroxy-carbonyl function.
Carboxylic acids can be shown in text as: RCOOH |
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Information Biopolymers |
1. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA 2. Protein 3. A variety of monomers |
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Information biopolymers require |
order template process of copying the template faithfully |
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information biopolymers: proteins |
1 made up of 20 amino acids (differ in side chains R) 2. different chemical properties in side chains 3. amino acid sequence determines the structure and the structure determines the function 4. 50% of cell weight 5. give the cell its shape |
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proteins form |
1. receptors 2. enzymes 3. hormones 4. growth factors 5. toxins 6. transporters 7. antibodies |
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peptide bond formation |
1. via translation on ribosomes 2. catalyzed by rna 3. activated by atp first |
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the peptide bond |
has 2 resonance structures has a polarity with O being -ve and N being +ve can't rotate due to a partial double bond character |
