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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of tissue is a carcinoma |
Epithelial tissue |
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What type of tissue is a sarcoma |
Bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, and blood vessel tissue |
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What kind of tissue are tetra carcinomas found in |
All kinds |
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What are the two general classifications of lymphoma and what is the difference |
Hodgkins
Non_hodgkins Hodgkins has Reed-Sternberg cells (large abnormal leukocytes with multiple nuclei) |
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What type of genes promote cell division. And what transitions in the cell cycle does it promote |
Oncogenes Promotes movement from G1 to S phase and promotes movement from G2 to Mitosis
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What kind of genes slow or stop cell division in what phases of the cell cycle does it affect |
Tumor suppressor genes slow from G1 to S slow from G2 to mitosis |
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What does the HER2 gene code for? What kind of activity/pathway is the HER2 protein involved in? Is it oncogene or tumor suppressor? |
Codes for cell membrane protein 185-kd Is involved in tyrosine kinase activity |
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What activity/pathway is the EGFR gene product involved with? Is it oncogene or tumor suppressor? |
Involved in tyrosine kinase activity Oncogene |
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What gene is associated with Kirsten Rat sarcoma? What pathway does this gene affect? Oncogene or tumor suppressor? |
K-ras MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase pathway) Proto-oncogene |
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What genes are associated with Synovial sarcoma? What kind of mutation causes it and on which chromosomes? |
SYT and SSX translocation between SYT gene on Chromosome18 and the SSX(1,2,4) gene on the X chromosome |
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What genes are associated with paired box forehead in rhabodosarcoma ? What kind of mutation causes it? |
PAX3, PAX7 and FKHR Translocation of the forehead of the rhabodosarcoma gene (called FKHR) with the paired box genes |
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What kind of mutated gene/protein can be found in all kinds of cancer? What does it do? Is the gene that codes for it a oncogene or tumor suppressor? |
TP53 Controls gene expression, arrests gene expression when there is DNA damage Tumor suppressor |
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3 types of ras genes found in humans? What pathway are they involved in? |
K-ras N-ras H-ras MAPK pathway, for intaking signals for cell growth and stuff |
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What activity/pathway is the ATM gene involved in? Tumor suppressor or oncogene? |
Codes for a proteins that facilitate DNA repair. Helps pause cell cycle at G1 or G2 phase tumor suppressor |
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What genes are associated with breast cancer |
BRCA1 and BRCA2 |
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What is the lifetime risk of ovarian or breast cancer of a woman carrying the BRCA gene |
60-80% |
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What gene is associated with tumors found in blood vessel tissue? What does this gene do? Tumor suppressor or oncogene? |
VHL (von hippel lindau gene) VHL promotes cell differentiation and is a tumor suppressor |
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What is the family of MYC genes? What (general)cells do they affect? |
They are c-myc n-myc and l-myc They affect Myelocytes (bone marrow) |
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What is tyrosine kinase function? |
cell signaling, growth, and division. |
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What kind of activity does ROS-1 and RET genes code for are they oncogenes or tumor supressors? |
Tyrosine kinase, in the cell membrane Oncogenes |
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What kind of mutation causes Ewing sarcoma what chromosomes are effected |
Translocation of the EWS gene and the FLI-1 gene t(22:11) |
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What is lynch syndrome? what is another name for it? What mutation is associated with lynch syndrome? |
Hereditatiry predisposition to colorectal cancer also called HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) Mutation of the MMR gene, for mismatch repair proteins |
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What is the result of mutated MMR gene? What characteristic of ^^^ DNA helps detect this condition? |
Lynch syndrome There will be an increased # of alleles in the tumor tissue DNA compared to the normal tissue |
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What disease/condition is caused by Microsatellite instability |
Lynch syndrome |
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What ratio is used to determine a LOH (loss of heterozygosity? What range must the ratio be outside of, to determine LOH? |
(normalallele peak height in N tissue / normalallele peak height in T tissue ) ------------------------------------------------------------------ (mutantallele peak height in T tissue / mutantallele peak height in N tissue ) If its less than 0.5 or greater than 2 |
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If only comparing the peaks of one allele in normal tissue vs tumor tissue, how would you determine a loss of heterozygosity |
If the normalallele's peak in T tissue is less than 40% than it is in the normal tissue |
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What genes in immunoglobulins go through genetic rearrangement What is the un-rearranged version of these genes called? |
Heavy chain genes light chain genes T cell receptor genes Germline locus |
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What regions can the re-arrangeable segments of the light and heavy chain genes be divided into? |
Variable regions V Diversity regions D Joining regions J |
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What characteristics can T cell receptor genes be categorized into? How can the groups further be grouped? |
Alpha beta and gamma delta αβ γδ |
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What is the term for an immunoglobulin population that has an overexpression of one specific type of gene rearrangement? What amount of a specific rearrangement would classify it as this^^ |
Monoclonal if greater than 1% of a specific arrangement. |
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If looking for clonality in immiunoglobilulins using RFLP, gel elec, and southern blot, What bands would you expect to see in a polyclonal population? what would you see in a monoclonal population? |
You would see only germline bands in polyclonal you would see some additional bands other than germline ones if monoclonal |
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What enzyme facilitates the rearrangement of genes in immunoglobulins ? What's its function? |
Cytidine deaminase de-aminates cytosine to make them mispair and the mispaired bases are replaced with a base that may or may not be the same as before |
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When using PCR to amplify the variable reigons of immunoglobulins to detect clonality, what bands would you expect to see in a polyclonal population what bands on a monoclonal |
polyclonal should have many bands of various length and similar intensity monoclonal should have a band somewhere more prominent than the others |
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What kind of mutation is associated with follicular lymphoma? |
reciprocal t(14:18) |
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reciprocal t(14:18) affects what gene(s)? what pathway/activity is affected? What condition does it cause? |
BCL2 BCL2 is an apoptosis-inhibiting gene, when mutated allows cells to proliferate too much Follicular lymphoma |
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What kind of mutation is associated with mantel cell lymphoma |
t(11;14) |
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reciprocal t(11:14) affects what gene(s)? what pathway/activity is affected? What condition does it cause? |
Increases expression of Cylin D1 gene (CCD1) (also called BCL2) CCD1 overexpression causes cells to move from G1 to S phase more rapidly Causes mantle cell lymphoma |
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What kind of mutation is associated with Burkitt lymphoma ? |
t(8:14) |
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reciprocal t(8:14) affects what gene(s)? what pathway/activity is affected? What condition does it cause? |
affects c-myc gene c-myc codes for a major transcription factor and when upregulated leads to too much transcription Burkitt lymphoma |
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What kind of mutation is associated with CML and ALL (Chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia ) |
t(9:22) |
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Creation of a Philadelphia chromosome leads to what conditions |
CML and AML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia ) |
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What happens with a cancerous BCL2 gene? tumor suppressor or oncogene? |
inhibits apoptosis oncogene |
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What is the purpose of the BCL1 gene? what is another name for it? tumor suppressor or oncogene? |
Promotes movement from G1 to S phase also called cyclin da (CCD1) oncogene |
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What is the purpose of the c-myc gene? tumor suppressor or oncogene? |
codes for a major transcription factor oncogene |
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What is the purpose of the BCR and c-abl genes? tumor suppressor or oncogenes? |
tyrosine kinase activity oncogenes |
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Mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma occur in which type of leukocytes ? Is it hodgkin or non-hodgkin lymphoma? |
In B cells Non-hodgkin |
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Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is more common? |
non-Hodgkin
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What are Reed-Sternberg cells
what condition are they associated with? |
Abnormal large lymphocytes with mutant expression and multiple nucleii HL |
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what chromosomes fuse to form the Philadelphia chromosome? what gene is created? |
chromosome 9 chromosome 22 the translocated chrom22 is now Philadelphia chromosome fusion gene of BCR-ABL is |
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What chromone is HER2 gene found on? Oncogene or tumor suppressor? What type of cancer is it associated with? (among others) |
Chrom 17 oncogene Breast cancer |
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What chromone is HER2 gene found on? Oncogene or tumor suppressor? What type of cancer is it associated with? (among others) |
chromosome 7
oncogene lung cancer
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