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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nonassociative Learning
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Change in the behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus
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Habituation
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Learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning
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Sensitization
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Learning to intensify your response to all stimuli
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Associative learning
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Involves the formation of associations between events
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Classical conditioning
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Associating a stimulus that evokes a measurable response with a second stimulus that normally does not evoke this same response
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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The stimulus that normally evokes a response; no training is required for it to yield a response
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Conditional stimulus
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The stimulus that does not normally evoke a response; requires training before it will yield a response
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Conditioned response
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The learned response to the conditioned stimulus
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Instrumental conditioning
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An individual learns to associate a response with a meaningful stimulus
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Why are nervous systems of invertebrates studied?
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Small nervous systems
Large neurons Identifiable neurons Identifiable circuits Simple genetics |
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Where does habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex occur?
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At the muscle, making it less responsive to synaptic stimulation by the motor neuron
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What happens to the amount of neurotransmitter released after habituation?
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Fewer quanta are released per action potential
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Habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex
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presynaptic modification
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What happens in the presence of elevated Ca++ levels?
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Adenylyl cyclase churns out more cAMP
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When does learning occur?
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When a presynaptic Ca++ pulse coincides with the G-protein-coupled activation of adenylyl cyclase, which stimulates the production of cAMP
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When does memory occur?
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When potassium channels are phosphorylated and neurotransmitter release is enhanced
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Long-term depression
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A long-lasting decrease in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission that follows certain types of conditioning stimuluation
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Input specificity
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Only the active inputs show the synaptic plasticity
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The glutamate receptor that mediates excitatory transmission
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AMPA receptor
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Ca++ chelator
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A substance that binds Ca++ to prevent it from rising
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Learning in vertebrates occurs when
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Rises in Ca++ and Na+ coincide with the activation of protein kinase C
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Memory in vertebrates occurs when
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AMPA channels are internalized and excitatory postsynaptic currents are depressed
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Long-term potentiation
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electrical stimulation of an excitatory pathway to the hippocampus produces long-lasting enhancement in the strength of stimulated synapses
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Perforant path
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The path by which entorhinal cortex sends information to the hippocampus by way of a bundle of axons
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Tetanus
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A brief burst of high-frequency stimulation
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An absolute requirement for LTP
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Synapses are active at the same time that the postsynaptic CA1 neuron is strongly depolarized
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The idea that coactive synapses must cooperate to produce enough depolarization to cause LTP
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Cooperativity
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Excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is mediated by...
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NMDA receptors
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The rise in Ca++ activates these two protein kinases
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Protein kinase C and CAMKII
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Two ways that information can be stored
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Decrease in synaptic effectiveness (cerebellar LTD) or an increase in synaptic effectiveness (hippocampal LTP)
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BCM theory
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Synapses that are active when the postsynaptic dell is only weakly depolarized by other inputs will undergo LTD instead of LTP
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This receptor plays a vital role in forming memory
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NMDA receptor
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