Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a _ |
Polynucleotide |
|
|
What does nucleotide consists of |
Nitrogen base, pentode sugar, phosphate |
|
|
What are two nucleotide chains held together by? |
Hydrogen bonds |
|
|
What holds each sugar to the phosphate of adjacent nucleotide |
Phosphodiester bond |
|
|
How many H bonds is between adenine and thymine |
2 H bonds |
|
|
How many H bonds are there between cytosine and guanine |
3 H bonds |
|
|
What is the sugar of DNA? |
deoxyribose |
|
|
What is the sugar of RNA? |
ribose |
|
|
What are the bases of DNA? |
G C A T |
|
|
What are the bases of RNA? |
G C A U |
|
|
What is the length and shape of DNA |
Long, double stranded |
|
|
What is the length and shape of RNA |
single stranded, short |
|
|
Where is DNA located? |
nucleus |
|
|
Where is RNA located? |
Nucleus, cytoplasm |
|
|
Who discovered the structure of DNA |
Watson and Crick |
|
|
Who are the three people that won nobel prize |
Wilkins Watson Crick |
|
|
Who discover DNA's structure |
Franklin |
|
|
What is the coding regions of DNA known as |
genes |
|
|
What is alteration in the DNA sequence known as |
Mutation |
|
|
What can mutation caused by? |
chemical agents, ultraviolet radiation, natural causes, DNA replication |
|
|
What is each side called after DNA unzipped |
template |
|
|
What is built on each half of the molecule of template |
complementary half |
|
|
What helps to relieve the strain on the structure of the parent DNA that is generated from the unwinding of the double helix |
DNA gyrase |
|
|
A group of enzymes that aid the unwinding of DNA by breaking the H bonds |
DNA helicase |
|
|
Helps to stabilize single-stranded regions of DNA when it unwinds |
ssB's |
|
|
Creates RNA primer |
RNA primase |
|
|
In DNA replication, a short segment of RNA that is complementary to a part of the 3' to 5' DNA template strand and serves as a starting point for addition of nucleotide |
RNA primer |
|
|
An enzyme that adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing poly nucleotide strand |
DNA polymerase III
|
|
|
An enzyme that removes RNA primer and fills gaps between okazaki fragments on the lagging strands |
DNA polymerase I |
|
|
Short DNA fragments that are generated during the synthesis of the lagging strand in DNA replication |
Okazaki fragments |
|
|
An enzyme that catalyses the joining of okazaki fragments |
DNA ligase |
|
|
An enzyme that proofread newly synthesized DNA |
DNA polymerase II |
|
|
What are the steps of Initiation of DNA replication |
DNA helicase, DNA gyrase, ssB's |
|
|
What are the steps of elongation of DNA replication |
RNA primase, RNA primer, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (seals okazaki fragment) |
|
|
What is the step of termination in DNA replication |
Ploymerse II |
|
|
What does telomers do |
prevents the loss of important information during DNA replication |
|
|
What does DNA contain the information of |
to make proteins |
|
|
What happens when DNA leaves the nucleus |
enzymes destroys DNA |
|
|
Can ribosomes enter nucleus |
no |
|
|
How does DNA passes its information out nucleus |
Transfers its information to RNA which can leave the nucleus and take it to ribosome |
|
|
What is required to assemble the amino acids to make the protein |
transfer RNA |
|
|
How many amino acids are there |
20 |
|
|
How many letters on mRNA codes for one amino acid |
3 |
|
|
What is the start code |
AUG (methionine) |
|
|
What does tRNA do |
adds one amino acid to the polypeptide for each 3 letter code |
|
|
What is DNA strand to mRNA called |
Transcription |
|
|
What is mRNA to amino acid sequence called? |
Translation |
|
|
What is the step of Initiation of making mRNA |
RNA polymerase binds to specific region of DNA |
|
|
What is the only strand used in mRNA |
3' to 5' (template) |
|
|
What is the unused strand in mRNA elongation called |
coding strand |
|
|
What are the free floating nucleotides A,U,C,G H bonded to their complimentary bases by? |
RNA polymerase |
|
|
What direction does the RNA polymerase move along the DNA |
5' to 3' |
|
|
What does DNA do when RNA polymerase unwinds |
Winds back behind it |
|
|
what hangs free off the side of the DNA strand attached only at a few base pairs |
mRNA |
|
|
What does RNA polymerase encounters at the end of the gene |
terminator sequence |
|
|
Where is the RNA polymerase and the primary transcript are released from |
DNA |
|
|
What is added to mRNA to protect it from cytoplasmic enzymes |
5' cap |
|
|
What is added by poly-A-polymerase to the 3' end |
poly-A tail |
|
|
What does capping and tailing results in the mRNA transcript |
being ready for release from the nucleus |
|
|
What are the non-coding regions called? |
introns |
|
|
What are the coding regions called |
exons |
|
|
What removes all introns and exons in eukaryotes |
spliceosomes |
|
|
What is the direction of DNA replication |
5' to 3' |
|
|
What is the direction of RNA transcription |
5' to 3' |
|
|
What are the strands copied for DNA replication |
leading and lagging |
|
|
What is the strand copied in RNA transcription |
template |
|
|
What is the amount copied in DNA replication? |
All of DNA |
|
|
What is the amount copied in RNA transcription? |
Small piece of DNA |
|
|
Numbers of enzymes in DNA replication? |
7 |
|
|
Numbers of enzymes in RNA transcription |
4 |
|
|
What bonds are broken for DNA replication |
Hydrogen bond |
|
|
What bonds are broken for RNA transcription |
Hydrogen bond |
|
|
What are the bonds formed in DNA replication |
Hydrogen and phosphodiester |
|
|
What are the bonds formed in RNA transcription |
Hydrogen and phosphodiester |
|
|
What is the message on mRNA that is written in 3-letter triplets called |
codons |
|
|
What is ribosome composed of |
rRNA and protein |
|
|
what of mRNA adheres to active ribosom |
5' cap region |
|
|
What direction does ribosome move the mRNA through |
starting at 5' end and going towards 3' end |
|
|
What structure does each tRNA has |
cross like structure |
|
|
What has an anticodon |
tRNA |
|
|
What holds amino acid at the 3' end of tRNA |
acceptor site |
|
|
How much energy is required to attach each amino acid to the correct tRNA |
1 ATP |
|
|
What is made when amino acid is attached to the correct tRNA |
aminoacyl-tRNA |
|
|
What enzymes join amino acids to tRNA |
aminoacyl-tRNA synthase |
|
|
What does amino-acyl tRNA brings to the P site |
methionine |
|
|
Where does tRNA brings the second amino acid to |
A site (acceptor site) |
|
|
What forms between methionine and the second amino acid |
peptide bond |
|
|
Each cell in multicellular organism has the same ___ |
genetic information |
|
|
Regulate which genes are transcribed from DNA to mRNA or how fast (control mechanism) |
Transcriptional |
|
|
Regulate the removal of introns in nucleus (control mechanism) |
posttranscriptional |
|
|
Regulate how fast mRNA is translated into a protein (control mechanism) |
translational |
|
|
regulate how fast it takes for proteins to become active (control mechanism) |
posttranslational |
|
|
A sequence of DNA that RNA polymerase binds to; located 'upstream' from the TAC 'start' signal on the DNA |
promoter |
|
|
A sequence of DNA beside the promoter that a repressor protein binds to |
operator |
|
|
binds to the operator and prevents transcription |
repressor protein |
|
|
A molecule that binds to the repressor, changes its shape and prevents the repressor from binding to the operator |
Inducer |
|
|
What is the repressor protein of lac operon |
Lacl protein |
|
|
What is the inducer of lac operon |
lactose |
|
|
Is lac operon on or off when the inducer is binded? |
on |
|
|
Iis trp operon usually on or off |
On |
|
|
Can the RNA polymerase pass through if the trp is present |
no |
|
|
What is silent mutation? |
mutations that have no effects |
|
|
What is missense mutation |
one amino acid is substituded |
|
|
What is nonsense mutation |
if stopcodon is created or deleted |
|
|
What are the 3 types of point mutation |
substitution, deletion, addition |
|
|
What is frameshift mutation, |
all nucleotide is shifted |
|
|
What are the 4 types of chorosomal mutation |
translocation, inversion, duplication, deletion |
|
|
What is translocation mutation |
nucleotide from a chromosome switches with other |
|
|
What is inversion mutation |
The order of some nulceotide is inverted |
