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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Complementary base pairing |
Paring of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand. |
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Antiprallel |
Parallel but running in opposite directions; the 5' end of one strand of DNA align with the 3' end of the other strand in a double helix |
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DNA replication |
The process whereby DNA make exact copies of itself |
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Semiconservative replication |
Process of replication in which each DNA molecule is composed of the parent strand and one newly synthesized strand |
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Template |
A single-stranded DNA sequence that acts as the guiding pattern for producing a complementary DNA strand |
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DNA helicase |
The enzyme that unwinds double-helical DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds |
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DNA polymerase III |
The enzyme that synthesis complementary strands of DNA replication |
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Leading strand |
The new strand of DNA that is synthesis towards the replication fork and continuously during DNA replication. |
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Lagging strand |
The new strand of DNA that is synthesized away from the replication fork and in short fragments, which are later joined together |
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DNA polymerase I |
An enzyme that removes RNA primers and replaces them with the appropriate nucleotide during DNA replication |
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DNA ligase |
An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together |
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Gene expression |
Conversion of a gene into a specific trait through the production of a particular polypeptide |
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
A nucleate acid consisting of nucleotides comprised of the sugar ribose and nitrogenous bases |
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Transcription |
The process of converting DNA into messenger RNA |
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Messenger RNA |
The product of transcription of a gene; mRNA is translated by ribosomes into protein |
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Translation |
The process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide as coded for by a messenger RNA |
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RNA polymerase |
Enzyme that transcribes DNA |
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Promoter |
Sequence of DNA that binds RNA polymerase in front of a gene |
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Template strand |
The strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide to build complementary mRNA |
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Termination sequence |
Sequence of bases at the end of a gene that signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing |
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Codon |
Sequence of three bases in DNA or complementary mRNA that serves as a code for a particular amino acid |
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Start codon |
Specific codon (AUG) that signals the start of translation |
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Stop codon |
Specific codon that signals the end of translation |
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Ribosome |
An organelle composed of RNA bad protein and located in the cytoplasm that carries out protein synthesis |
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Transfer RNA |
The form of RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome during translation |
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Anticidon |
Group of three complementary bases on tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a codon on the mRNA |
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Recombinant DNA |
Fragment of DNA composed of sequences originating from at least two different sources |
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Genetic transformation |
Introduction and expression of foreign DNA in a living organism |
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Restriction endonuclease |
An enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA into fragments at a specific sequence; also known as a restriction enzyme |
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Recognition site |
A specific sequence within double stranded DNA that a restriction endonuclease recognizes and cuts |
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Palindromic |
Reading the same backwards and forwards |
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Sticky ends |
Fragment ends of a DNA molecule with short single-stranded overhangs, resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme |
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Blunt ends |
Fragment ends of a DNA molecule that are fully base paired resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme |
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Methylase |
An enzyme that adds a methyl group to one of the nucleotides found in a restriction endonuclease recognition site |
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Polymerase chain reaction |
A technique for amplifying a DNA sequence by repeated cycles of strand separation and replication |
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Vector |
A vehicle by which foreign DNA may be introduced into a cell |
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Transgenic |
A cell or an organism that is transformed by DNA from another species |
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Plasmid |
A small double stranded circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria |
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Multiple cloning site |
A region in a vector that is engineered to contain the recognition site of a number of restriction enzymes |
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Point mutation |
A mutation at a specific base pair |
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Gene mutation |
A mutation that changes the coding for amino acids |
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Silent mutation |
A mutation that does not result in a change in the amino acid coded for |
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Missense mutation |
A mutation that results in the single substitution of one amino acid in the polypeptide |
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Nonsense mutation |
A mutation that converts a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon |
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Deletion |
The elimination of a base pair or group of base pairs from a DNA sequence |
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Insertion |
The placement of an extra nucleotide in a DNA sequence |
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Frame shift mutation |
A mutation that causes the reading frame of a codon to change |
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Translocation |
The transfer of a fragment of DNA from one site in the genome to another location |
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Inversion |
The reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome |
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Spontaneous mutation |
A mutation occurring as a result of errors made in DNA replication |
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Mutagenic agent |
An agent that can cause a mutation |
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Induced mutation |
A mutation caused by a chemical agent or radiation |
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Phylogeny |
Proposed evolutionary history of a species or group of organisms |
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SINEs |
Repeated DNA sequences 300 base pairs long that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genomes of higher organisms |
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LINEs |
Repeated DNA sequences 5000 to 7000 base pair long that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genomes of higher organisms |
