Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Complementary Base Pairing |
pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand |
|
Antiparallel |
parallel but running in opposite directions; the 5' end of one strand of DNA aligns with the 3' end of the other strand in a double helix |
|
DNA Replication |
the process whereby DNA makes exact copies of itself |
|
Semiconservative Replication |
process of replication in which each DNA molecule is composed of one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand |
|
Template |
a single-stranded DNA sequence that acts as the guiding pattern for producing a complementary DNA strand |
|
DNA Helicase |
the enzyme that unwinds double-helical DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds |
|
DNA Polymerase III |
the enzyme that synthesizes complementary strands of DNA during DNA replication |
|
Leading Strand |
the new strand of DNA that is synthesized towards the replication fork and continuously during DNA replication |
|
Lagging Strand |
the new strand of DNA that is synthesized away from the replication fork and in short fragments, which are joined together |
|
DNA Polymerase I |
an enzyme that removes RNA primers and replaces them with the appropriate nucleotides during DNA replication |
|
DNA Ligase |
an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together |
|
Gene Expression |
conversion of a gene into a specific trait through the production of a particular polypeptide |
|
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
a nucleic acid consisting of nucleotides comprised of the sugar ribose and nitrogenous bases |
|
Transcription |
the process of converting DNA into messenger RNA |
|
Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
the product of transcription of a gene; mRNA is translated by ribosomes into protein |
|
Translation |
the process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide as coded for by messenger RNA |
|
RNA Polymerase |
enzyme that transcribes DNA |
|
Promoter |
Sequence of DNA that binds RNA polymerase in front of a gene |
|
Template Strand |
the strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide to build complementary mRNA |
|
Termination Sequence |
sequence of bases at the end of a gene that signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing |
|
Codon |
sequence of three bases in DNA or complementary mRNA that serves as a code for a particular amino acid |
|
Start Codon |
specific codon (AUG) that signals the start of translation |
|
Stop Codon |
specific codon that signals the end of translation |
|
Ribosome |
an organelle composed of RNA and protein and located in the cytoplasm that carries out protein synthesis |
|
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
the form of RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome during translation |
|
Anticodon |
group of three complementary bases on tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a codon on the mRNA |
|
Recombinant DNA |
fragment of DNA composed of sequences originating from at least two different sources |
|
Genetic Transformation |
introduction and expression of foreign DNA in a living organism |
|
Restriction Endonuclease |
an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA into fragments at a specific sequence; also known as restriction enzyme |
|
Recognition Site |
a specific sequence within double-stranded DNA that a restriction endonuclease recognizes and cuts |
|
Palindromic |
reading the same backwards and forwards |
|
Sticky Ends |
fragment ends of a DNA molecule with short single-stranded overhangs. resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme |
|
Blunt Ends |
fragment ends of a DNA molecule that are fully base paired, resulting from cleavage by a restriction enzyme |
|
Methylase |
an enzyme that adds a methyl group to one of the nucleotides found in a restriction endonuclease recognition site |
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
a technique for amplifying a DNA sequence by repeated cycles of strand separation and replication |
|
Vector |
a vehicle by which foreign DNA mat be introduced into a cell |
|
Transgenic |
a cell or an organism that is transformed by DNA from another species |
|
Plasmid |
a small double-stranded circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria |
|
Multiple-Cloning Site |
a region in a vector that is engineered to contain the recognition site of a number of restriction enzymes |
|
Point Mutation |
a mutation at a specific base pair |
|
Gene Mutation |
a mutation that changes the coding for amino acids |
|
Silent Mutation |
a mutation that does not result in a change in the amino acid coded for |
|
Missense Mutation |
a mutation that results in the single substitution of one amino acid in the polypeptide |
|
Nonsense Mutation |
a mutation that converts a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon |
|
Deletion |
the elimination of a base pair or a group of base pairs from a DNA sequence |
|
Insertion |
the placement of an extra nucleotide in a DNA sequence |
|
Frameshift Mutation |
a mutation that causes the reading from of codons to change |
|
Translocation |
the transfer of a fragment of DNA from one site in the genome to another location |
|
Inversion |
the reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome |
|
Spontaneous Mutation |
a mutation occurring as a result of errors made in DNA replication |
|
Mutagenic Agent |
an agent that can cause a mutation |
|
Induced Mutation |
a mutation caused by a chemical agent or radiation |
|
Phylogeny |
proposed evolutionary history of a species or group of organisms |
|
SINEs |
repeated DNA sequences 300 base pairs long that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genomes of higher organisms |
|
LINEs |
repeated DNA sequences 5000 to 7000 base pairs long that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genomes of higher organisms |