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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are proteins made of? |
Amino acids.
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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What are nucleotides? What do they make up?
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•Instructions/Codes.
•DNA Molecules. |
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What are nucleotides made of?
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•5 carbon sugar
•phosphate group •nitrogen bases |
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases?
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•Thymine
•Cytosine •Guanine •Adenine |
T, C, G, A
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Which bases have a double ring structure?
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Guanine and Adenine
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Both have a double "n" in their name.
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Which bases have a single ring structure?
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Thymine and Cytosine.
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What is one rule about proteins? |
They have to be made in the perfect shape to do their job. |
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Which bases do T and C bond with?
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T bond with A.
C bonds with G. |
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What's RNA?
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A single strand of nucleotides.
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Which bases are purines?
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A and G.
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Which bases are pyrimidines?
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T and C.
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How many rings is it from one backbone to another another?
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3 nitrogen base rings.
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What are the complimentary base pairings?
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A - T
C - G |
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Why do purines bond with pyrimidines?
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To maintain a consistent distance between backbones.
Instead of purine to purine (2 rings attach to 2 rings) or pyrimidines to pyrimidines (1 rig to 1 ring). |
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What are the backbones made of?
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Phosphate and carbon sugars.
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Are the backbones parallel or anti parallel?
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Anti parallel.
Shown by indicating the 3' and 5' ends. |
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Purpose of histones (proteins)?
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For structure.
Dna can tightly coil around into a Xms to fit in nucleus. |
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The lagging strand is built in short pieces called_____.
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Okazaki fragments.
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What 2 conditions are necessary for DNA polymerase III to add new nucleotides?
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1. Can only add to a preexisting nucleotide strand.
2. That strand must have an open 3' to add to. |
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Why is semi conservative replication necessary?
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It ensures accuracy. It conserves half of the parent strand and uses the hydrogen bond numbers to complete the other nucleotide.
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Why would you add onto preexisting nucleotide strands instead of making separate new ones. |
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What's semi conservative replication?
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1/2 of the parent strand is "conserved" in the newly synthesized DNA.
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How does DNA polymerase III know which bases to add?
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Because of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bond numbers.
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Helicase
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Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks.
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RNA primase?
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To start the lagging strand, RNA primase must first lay down a short RNA primer.
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DNA polymerase I? |
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides. |
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DNA ligase?
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Seals the Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous nucleotide strand. |
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Point of RNA primer?
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It has a 3' end exposed onto which DNA polymerase can add new DNA nucleotides.
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How are replication bubbles formed?
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As helicase opens up DNA replication bubbles form. Eventually they all merge.
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What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?
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A chromosome contains hundreds of genes which are composed of DNA.
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The rules formulated by chargoff state that:
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A=T and G=C
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It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that DNA molecules could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its:
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Sequence of bases.
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What accounts for the uniform diameter of the DNA molecule?
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A purine always bonds with a pyrimidine.
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In which direction is DNA read?
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3' to 5'
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In which direction is DNA synthesized/made?
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5' to 3'
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What's the location, function and result of DNA replication?
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LOCATION - Nucleus
FUNCTION - To copy complete genome RESULT - 2 complete daughter cells |
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What is the location, function and result of transcription?
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LOCATION - Nucleus
FUNCTION - Copy DNA code for a gene into an RNA sequence "mRNA" RESULT - One mRNA molecule that holds the code for assembling a protein |
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What's the location, function and result of Translation (Protein Synthesis)?
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LOCATION - Cytoplasm (on ribosomes)
FUNCTION - "Read" or translate the message in mRNA to an amino acid sequence RESULT - A complete protein molecule(s) made of a specific a.a. sequence |
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Where is the chromosome first unwound?
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At the gene of interest.
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What happens after the DNA is first unwound?
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RNA polymerase places the complementary RNA nucleotide onto exposed bases of the gene.
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How does the mRNA strand leave the nucleus? Where does it go after?
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Through the nuclear pore.
It will attach to a ribosome to be translated. |
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The ribosome reads the nucleotide sequence in groups of 3's. This triplet code is called _____?
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Codons.
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How many codons are there?
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64.
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Each ribosomal unit has an "A", "P" and "E" site. What do the letters stand for?
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Activation, Process and Exit.
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What is the function of Transfer RNA? (tRNA)
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Brings in the new amino acid to be added to the growing protein.
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How do you tell if a tRNA is charged or not charged?
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Charged = carrying amino acid
Not Charged = not carrying a.a |
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What are exons?
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Useful gene sequences.
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What are introns?
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Unnecessary gene sequences that are later excised (cut out) before mRNA reaches the ribosome.
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RNA splicing?
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The process of cutting out introns and exporting exons. This is done by a splicosome.
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Silent mutation?
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Has no effect on the amino acid and still codes for the same thing.
Or When there is a mutation in a codon but the codon still reads for the same amino acid. Eg. TAT instead of TAG still makes the same amino acid. |
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Missense mutation?
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When there is a codon mutation and it doesn't code for the same amino acid as the original codon.
Eg. TCT instead of TAG does not create the same amino acid. |
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What are the three substages of transcription?
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Initiation
Elongation Termination |
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What is the function of the promoter region?
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To initiate transcription of a particular gene.
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What are the three types of point mutations?
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-Base substitutions
-Base insertions -Base deletions |
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Base substitution?
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Replacing nucleotides/bases.
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Base insertions?
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Inserting a nucleotide between segments
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Base deletion?
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Removes nucleotides/bases.
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What are the two types of chromosomal mutations?
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-Changes in chromosome structure
-Changes in chromosome number |
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Examples of changes in chromosome structure?
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Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
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What is the only way to have a change in chromosome number?
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Non-disjunction
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How frequently do mutations occur during DNA replication? How are they repaired?
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1 in 10,000. Proofreading polymerase makes it 1 in a billion.
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What is a Thymine Dimer mutation? What is it caused by?
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Side by side Thymines that covalently share electrons which changes the shape and causes the protein to bend. Caused by UV radiation.
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Difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation?
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Point mutation - may only alter one amino acid
Frameshift mutation - will alter every subsequent amino acid |
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What are the three types of base pair substitutions?
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Silent, missense and nonsense mutation
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Nonsense mutation?
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When there is a genetic mutation and a stop codon occurs too early.
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What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
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Point mutation.
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Where does the RNA polymerase bind to on the lac operon?
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The promoter (TATA box)
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Where is the repressor found on the lac operon?
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On the operator.
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What happens to a repressor when a lactose enzyme binds onto it?
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It bends the repressor and pops it off of the operator. This allows RNAP to transcribe the lac operon.
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What is the lactose considered when it binds to the repressor?
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An inducer.
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Inducer?
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When an inductor molecule is present it causes the genes to be transcribed. The inducer molecule for the lac operon is lactose.
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Genes can be moved from one genome to another using?
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Plasmids.
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Describe a plasmids shape and composition.
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Shape - circular and double stranded
Composition - thousands of base pairs |
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Where are plasmids found?
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In the cell independent of the DNA
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What is the function of the plasmid?
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To help bacteria adapt to new environments (through entering the gene vector which will be in every subsequent replicated cell)
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What DNA nucleotide sequence does EcoR1 recognize? What's significant about this sequence?
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GAATTC.
It has a rotational symmetry. |
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What are sticky ends?
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Open unpaired ends of a DNA fragment cut by a restriction enzyme
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After the restriction enzymes cut the base sequence, foreign genome is inserted. What is this foreign genome called?
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The gene of interest.
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Eg. The insulin inserted into a bacteria's DNA is considered this.
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What is the function of restriction enzymes?
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To destroy foreign DNA that enters the cell.
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What are restriction enzymes? How are they useful?
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-Enzymes that can cleave DNA molecules at a specific DNA sequence
-For gene splicing |
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What's PCR? What's the result of PCR?
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-Polymerase Chain Reaction
-a small amount of DNA is copied many many times |
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In a buffer zone, what is the charge of the DNA in the agarose gel? What is the charge of the electrode?
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-DNA is negatively charged (due to Phosphorus backbone)
-positive (must be opposite to attach the DNA segments in the agarose gel) |
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When DNA is being attracted to electrodes, do longer or shorter fragments of DNA move fast?
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Shorter
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What is Gel Electrophoresis?
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A process that can be used to compare a persons DNA profile to another. Aka DNA fingerprinting.
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Bacteria can pick up plasmids by a process called? What structure in the bacteria lets this happen?
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-Transformation
-Plasmids |
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Where in the body would sickle cell anemia affect?
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Tissues undergoing aerobic cellular respiration will have a lowered concentration of oxygen.
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Normally, red blood cells are _____ in shape.
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*Biconcave
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Plasmids can transfer antibiotic resistance.
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Ok
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