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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 components that make up nucleic acids?
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acid, base, sugar phosphate
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Name the Purines
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Adenine, Guanine
(Angels and God are PURE) |
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Name the Pyrimidines
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Thymine, Cytosine
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How do DNA and RNA differ?
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deoxiribose(DNA) is missing the hydroxyl group on the 2' ribose.
RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine |
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Differentiate between the 4 bases
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Adenine=Absent oxygen
Thymine=Two oxygens |
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How is a nucleotide added onto an existing nucleotide chain?
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Chains grow in the 3' to 5' direction and are added onto the 3' end. Strands are connected by hydrogen bonds between the bases and are always antiparallel
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What is the central dogma? What are some exceptions?
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-replication by DNA polymerase makes new DNA
-Transcription by RNA polymerase makes RNA -Translation by ribosomes makes proteins -in some viruses RNA can self replicate -reverse transcriptase creates DNA from RNA -there are some self replicating proteins |
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Griffith's Transformation experiment
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Demonstrated that genetic material could be transferred between living organisms. Didn't define what it was. Used rats.
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Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
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Centrifuged cells to extract nucleic acids. Other things were also extracted. They systematically destroyed each of the other components and tested if genetic material was still passed on. They discovered that DNA holds the genetic material. Scientists still didn't believe them.
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Chargaff
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Looked at the DNA composition of a variety of different organisms. Found that A=T and G=C. The tetranucleotide model of DNA was proved incorrect.
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Hersey and Chase blender experiment
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Is DNA or protein the genetic material?
-used phages and tagged proteins and DNA with different radioactive labels. They saw that the phage passed on the DNA into the cell it attacks and the protein stays in the phage. The DNA was replicated in the host cell and was determined to be the genetic makeup. |
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Basic Amino Acids
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Lysine
Arginine Histidine |
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Acidic Amino Acids
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Aspartate
Glutamate |
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Polar(hydrophilic) but uncharged Amino Acids
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Serine
Threonine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine Cysteine |
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non-polar (hydrophobic) Amino Acids
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Gylcine
Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Phenytaline Tryptophan Proline Methionine |
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What is the role of methionine?
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it is the first amino acid in every peptide chain because is is encoded by the start codon (AUG)
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What is the role of cysteine?
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Cysteines can create disulfide bonds and covalently bond with other R-groups to stabilize protein folding
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What are the components of an amino acid?
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-central carbon
-R-group -amino H2N -hydrogen -carboxy COOH |
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How are amino acid chains created?
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peptide bonds on the C terminus side of the amino acids. Create polypeptide chains. Never add onto the N terminus
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How to purify molecules?
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chromotography
-separates molecules based on individual properties such as charge, size, and polarity. |
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What are the structures of proteins?
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Primary
Secondary -alpha helix -beta pleated sheet Tertiary Quaternary |
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What causes the protein structures in each phase?
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Primary-peptide bonds
Secondary-hydrogen bonds in the backbone(not the R groups) Tertiary-interactions between the R groups such as disulfide bonds between cysteines Quaternary-interactions with other proteins |
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Agarose Gels
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Separates DNA molecules ranging in size from 200 bp to 50,000 bp
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Polyacrylamide Gels
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-Separates small single stranded DNA's from 5 to 750 nucleotides.
-Can also separate proteins. -Separates based on size, shape, and charge |
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SDS gels
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-Separates based on size only. ---Negates any charges
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What is the difference between an exonuclease and an endonuclease?
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-Exonucleases cut at the ends of nucleic acids
-Endonucleases cut in the middle of nucleic acids |
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Elements of a typical cloning vector
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-Promoter
-Gene -Origin of Replication(ensures that section of DNA is replicated) -Selectable marker(such as an antibiotic) -Multiple cloning site(region with lots of palindromes) |
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Define the term "blotting"
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Transferring nucleic acids from a gel onto a paper
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Southern Blots
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Targets DNA
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Northern Blots
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Target RNA
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Wester Blots
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Target proteins
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