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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A nucleotide consists of two parts: a ______ and a ______.
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1. sugar with a phosphate group attached to it
2. Base (GCAT) |
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Each sugar in DNA is linked to the next by:
a. nucleotides b. Monomers c. phosphate groups d. hydrogen bonding between base pairs |
c. phosphate groups
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The nucleotides within each DNA strand are held together by:
a. covalent chemical bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. mechanical bonding |
a. covalent chemical bonds
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Complementary nucleotides in double stranded DNA are held together by:
a. covalent chemical bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. mechanical bonding |
c. hydrogen bonds
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Which is stronger: the bonding between the base pairs in DNA or the bonding between the sugar phosphate links?
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The bonding between the sugar phosphate links is stronger- this is how DNA can be "pulled apart" without disrupting the monomer sequence.
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DNA copies information through the process of ______.
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Templated polymerization
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The process of DNA --> RNA is specifically known as:
a. translation b. transcription c. activation d. in vitro translation |
b. transcription
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The process of RNA --> proteins is known as:
a. translation b. transcription c. activation d. in vitro translation |
a. translation
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The process of genomic DNA -> proteins is known as:
a. translation b. transcription c. activation d. in vitro translation |
d. in vitro translation
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RNA uses the sugar _____ in it's backbone instead of ______ which is used in DNA.
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Ribose, deoxyribose
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RNA uses the base ___ in lieu of thymine.
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Uracil
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Definition of Transcribe
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Using an existing nucleic acid, typically DNA, as a template, thus copying the genetic information in the latter.
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The main role of the RNA is to serve as:
a. rRNA b. mRNA c. tRNA |
b. mRNA
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Other molecules can be catalyzed by RNA due to what characteristic?
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Since RNA is single stranded, it is also quite flexible. This flexibility allows RNA to undergo conformational changes such as intermolecular folding on complementary areas along the strand. This "shaping" of RNA may allow it to "recognize" other molecules, bind to them, and cause activation.
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All cells use ____ as catalysts.
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Proteins
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A nucleotide consists of two parts: a ______ and a ______.
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1. sugar with a phosphate group attached to it
2. Base (GCAT) |
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Each sugar in DNA is linked to the next by:
a. nucleotides b. Monomers c. phosphate groups d. hydrogen bonding between base pairs |
c. phosphate groups
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The nucleotides within each DNA strand are held together by:
a. covalent chemical bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. mechanical bonding |
a. covalent chemical bonds
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Complementary nucleotides in double stranded DNA are held together by:
a. covalent chemical bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. mechanical bonding |
c. hydrogen bonds
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Which is stronger: the bonding between the base pairs in DNA or the bonding between the sugar phosphate links?
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The bonding between the sugar phosphate links is stronger- this is how DNA can be "pulled apart" without disrupting the monomer sequence.
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DNA copies information through the process of ______.
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Templated polymerization
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The process of DNA --> RNA is specifically known as:
a. translation b. transcription c. activation d. in vitro translation |
b. transcription
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The process of RNA --> proteins is known as:
a. translation b. transcription c. activation d. in vitro translation |
a. translation
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The process of genomic DNA -> proteins is known as:
a. translation b. transcription c. activation d. in vitro translation |
d. in vitro translation
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RNA uses the sugar _____ in it's backbone instead of ______ which is used in DNA.
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Ribose, deoxyribose
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RNA uses the base ___ in lieu of thymine.
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Uracil
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Definition of Transcribe
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Using an existing nucleic acid, typically DNA, as a template, thus copying the genetic information in the latter.
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The main role of the RNA is to serve as:
a. rRNA b. mRNA c. tRNA |
b. mRNA
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Other molecules can be catalyzed by RNA due to what characteristic?
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Since RNA is single stranded, it is also quite flexible. This flexibility allows RNA to undergo conformational changes such as intermolecular folding on complementary areas along the strand. This "shaping" of RNA may allow it to "recognize" other molecules, bind to them, and cause activation.
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All cells use ____ as catalysts.
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Proteins
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True or False
Protein molecules are long, branched polymer chains. |
False
They are unbranched |
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What are the monomers of proteins called?
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Amino acids
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____ gives an amino acid it's distinctive character.
a. enzymes b. polypeptides c. side groups d. lysozymes |
side groups
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Proteins are AKA ______
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polypeptides
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The catalytic site of protein forms the enzyme ______.
a. protease b. catalase c. amylase d. lysozyme |
d. lysozyme
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Functions of proteins include:
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1. regulation of chemical processes
2. Maintaining structures 3. Generating movements 4. Sensing signals |
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A triplet of nucleotides is called a _____.
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Codon (codes for a single amino acid)
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True or False
Different codons can sometimes code for the same amino acid. |
True (see page 8)
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How many possible codons exist?
a. 4 b. 20 c. 64 d. 118 |
c. 64
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Codons are "read" by
a. mRNA b. rRNA c. tRNA |
c. tRNA
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What are on opposing ends of a tRNA molecule?
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An amino acid and an anticodon.
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In protein synthesis a codon is typically located on ___.
a. mRNA b. rRNA c. tRNA |
a. mRNA
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Translation is carried out by ribosomes that consist of two chains of _____.
a. mRNA b. rRNA c. tRNA |
b. rRNA
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A _____ is defined as the segment of DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein.
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Gene
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______ are non coding regions found along various regions of a gene help control the local rate of transcription.
a. regulatory DNA b. feedback DNA c. homeostasis DNA d. antiproduction DNA |
a. regulatory DNA
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True or False
There is a quantitative relationshp between free energy and genetic information |
True
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All cells have to contain and manipulate a smiliar collection of _________
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simple sigars, nucleotides, and amino acids
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A universal feature of cells: _____________.
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Each one is bound by a plasma membrane
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cells produce molecules whose chemical properties cause them to ____ into the structures that a cell needs.
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self assemble
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The minimum number of genes for a viable cell in todays environment is probably not less than
a. 50 genes b. 100 genes c. 150 genes d. 200 genes |
d. 200 genes
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Living entities that obtain their free energy by consuming other living things
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organotrophic
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Energy from sunlight
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phototrophic
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energy from inorganic chemicals in the environment
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lithotophic
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Examples of phototrophic organism
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many types of bacteria, algae, and plants
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DNA, RNA, and protein are composed of which six elements?
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CHONPS
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Living cells can be classified into two general groups: _____ and ____.
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Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Give examples of eukaryotes
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plants, fungi, and animals
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Give examples of prokaryotes
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bacteria
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List characterisitics of prokaryotes
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-small and simple
-usually an independent, unicellular organism -cell wall -typically rod shaped or spherical |
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What are the three primary branches on the "tree of life"
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bacteria, archaea, and eucaryotes
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Prokaryotes were first divided into what two groups?
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Bacteria (aka eubacteria)and archaea (aka arcgaebacteria)
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Most bacteria have ____ to ____ genes.
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1000-4000
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List 4 ways new genes come about.
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1. Intragenic mutation
2. Gene duplication 3. Segment shuffling 4. Horizontal (intercellular) transfer |
