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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is carcinoma
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cancer arising from epithelial cells
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what is sarcoma
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cancer arising from connective tissue or muscle cells
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what is leukemia and lymphoma
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cancers derived from white blood cells and their precursors (hemopoietic cells) as well as cancers derived from cells of the nervous system
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what percentage of human cancers are carcinomas
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80
due to the fact that most cell proliferation occurs in epithelia or because of their exposure to various forms of damage. |
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what are some cancers of the epithelia?
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oral cavity and pharynx
digestive respiratory breast reproductive tract urinary |
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how many new cases of cancer are reported each year?
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6 million
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what is an adenoma
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a benign epithelial/glandular tumor
it remains inside the basal lamina |
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what is adenocarcinoma
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an malignant epithelial/gladular tumor
it breaches the barrier of the basal lamina |
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what is an epigenetic change
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persistant change in the pattern of gene expression without a change in the DNA sequence
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what is carcinogenesis
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generation of cancer
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what is chemical carcinogens
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cause local changes in the nucleotide sequence
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what is mutagenesis
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production of a change in the DNA sequence
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radiation
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typically cause chromosome breaks and translocation
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UV light
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causes specific DNA base alterations
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what is selective advantage
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ratio of the number of surviving fertile progeny they produce per unit time to the number of surviving fertile progeny produced by nonmutant individuals.
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what is genetic instability
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cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate
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normal cell division
normal apoptosis |
homeostasis
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normal cell division
abnormal apoptosis |
tumor
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abnormal cell division
normal apoptosis |
tumor
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what is replicative cell senescence
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built in limit to the number of times a cell can divide when stimulated to proliferate in culture: they permanently stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings (25-50 for human fibroblasts)
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replicative cell senescence is determined by
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progressive shortening of telomeres at the ends of chromosomes
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cancer stem cells
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cancer cells that can self-renew to produce additional malignant stem cells, and at the same time generate non-tumorigenic cells such as transit amplifying cells.
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transit amplifying cells
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rapidly dividing cells that limited capacity for self-renewal.
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what type of cancer will form from vinyl chloride
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liver angiosarcoma
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what type of cancer will form from benzene
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acute leukemias
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what type of cancer will form from arsenic
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skin carcinomas, bladder cancer
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what type of cancer will form from asbestos
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mesothelioma
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what type of cancer will form from radium
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osteosarcoma
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what is a tumor promoter
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chemicals that by themselves are not mutagenic but will cause cancer in cells exposed to an initiator
-- remove restraints on cells |
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what is a tumor initiator
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a carcinogen that initiates cancer
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