Biology: Circulatory, Lymphatic And Immune Systems

Front 1

1) What converts CO2 to bicarbonate?
2) From the blood, CO2 diffuses out of the __________
3) Nutrients absorbed in the blood stream in ___________ (in what organ)
4) What is urea?

Back 1

1) Carbonic anhydrase
2) Alveolar capillaries
3) Small intestine
4) Metabolic waste that travels in the blood to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and passed in urine

Front 2

Describe the circulation pathway through the body

Back 2

1) Vena cava
2) Right atrium
3) Tricuspid valve
4) Right ventricle
5) Pulmonary valve
6) Pulmonary artery
7) Lung
8) Pulmonary vein
9) Left atrium
10) Bicuspid (mitral) valve
11) Left ventricle
12) Aortic valve
13) Aorta

Front 3

Describe the difference b/t systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Back 3

Pulmonary
-Oxygenates blood (heart->lung->heart)
-shorter than systemic, less resistance, less BP
-vasoconstricts when O2 levels are low, less BF to blocked/low O2 alveoli/more BF to good alveoli
Systemic
-Delivers oxygenated blood to body (heart>body>heart)
-Vasodilation when O2 levels are low, more BF to oxygen-starved tissue

Front 4

1) Name the order of the different tubules as blood flows through the body
2) Do arteries and veins have valves?
3) What are three differences b/t arteries and veins?

Back 4

1) Artery-->arteriole-->capillary-->venule-->vein
2) Arteries don't; veins do
3) Arteries are thicker and more muscular than veins, veins have valves, arteries don't, arteries carry blood away from the heart/veins carry blood back into the heart

Front 5

1) Difference b/t the artery & arteriole
2) BP is highest in the ___(a)___ and BP is lowest in the ___(b)___
3) Which tubules do and do not participate in vasoconstriction?

Back 5

1) Arterioles are smaller, vasoconstriction occurs predominately at the arterioles
2) (a) arteries (b) veins
3) Do: Muscular artery, Arterioles, Vein
Dont: Elastic artery, capillary, venule

Front 6

1) Describe the layers of the artery and vein
2) Major function of the arteriole?
3) Structure of the capillaries?
4) Main function of capillaries?

Back 6

1) Epithelium, smooth muscle, CT
2) Control BF to the capillaries - the arteries control which tissues get more blood
3) Single cell thick epithelium
4) Blood-tissue solute exchange

Front 7

1) What is the most important site for vasoconstriction?
2) What three things help blood to flow through veins at low pressure?
3) List the tubules in order of thickest to most thin

Back 7

1) Arterioles
2) Breathing, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscle
3) Artery > vein > arteriole > venule > capillary

Front 8

1) What is the difference b/t arteries and veins (oxygenated?/to or from heart?)?
2) If you elevate a blood vessel, is the BP higher or lower?
3) What are four hormones that regulate BP (all increase BP)?
4) Blood squirts from __(a)__, oozes from __(b)__, and flows from __(c)__

Back 8

1) Arteries carry blood away from heart (oxygenated except for pulmonary artery) and veins carry blood to heart (deoxygenated except for pulmonary vein)
2) Lower
3) ADH, aldosterone, renin, adrenaline
4) (a) Arteries (b) Capillaries (c) Veins

Front 9

1) Why is our diastolic pressure not zero?
2) What are three adaptations that help blood flow through the vein at low pressure?

Back 9

1) The elasticity of our arteries causes blood to flow even when the heart is resting b/t pumps
2) (a) Respiratory pump: when you inhale, stomach squeezes veins, while chest sucks on them (b) Muscular pump: skeletal muscle squeezes on the veins when you exercise (c) When you're scared, smooth muscles around veins constrict and squeeze blood

Front 10

1) What is the major mechanism of gas and solute exchange in the capillary beds?
2) What are three mechanisms of heat exchange in the capillary bed?

Back 10

1) Diffusion
2) (a)Radiation -your body gives off IR signal (b)Conduction-you touch something cold or take a hot bath (c)Evaporative cooling-you sewat, it cools you as it evaporates

Front 11

What are the three types of capillary beds? Describe them.

Back 11

1) Continuous: No pores, may have clefts, exchange can occur through cleft or vesicular trafficking, found in skin and muscles, in the BBB (clefts sealed w/tight junctions)
2) Fenestrated: Small pores, found in small intestine for nutrient passage, in endocrine organs to allow passage of hormones, in kidneys for filtration
3) Discontinuous (sinusoidal): Large pores, large enough for blood cells to leak through, found in lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, bone marrow - large pores facilitate lymphocyte travel to tissues and blood cell modifications

Front 12

1) After centrifugation, what layers does the blood separate into?
2) What is plasma?
3) Describe RBC's?
4) Describe WBC's?
5) Describe platelets?

Back 12

1) Plasma (largest layer), buffy coat(WBC's platelets) smallest layer, and RBC's
2) Mostly water with proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
3) Biconcave disk, no nucleus, has Hg, transports O2 & CO2, and is the most abundant cell in blood
4) Larger than RBC's, lobed or irregular shaped nuclei, fights off pathogens
5) Cell fragments responsible for blood clotting

Front 13

1) What destroys aged and damaged RBCs?
2) What makes RBC's from stem cells?
3) Other than the spleen, what are two other sites for RBC destruction?
4) What are the components of hemoglobin?

Back 13

1) Spleen
2) Bone marrow
3) Liver and bone marrow
4) Iron = recycled, heme-->bilirubin-=>bile-->excreted in feces, protein (globin) = broken down into amino acids

Front 14

1) If you have a higher blood osmolarity, water goes in the blood or into tissues?
2) Function of ADH(vasopressin)?
3) Function of aldosterone?
4) What organ produces clotting factors and where are they located once released?

Back 14

1) Water goes into blood --> high blood volume
2) Increase H2O reabsorption in kidney
3) Increase salt reabsorption, leads to increase H2O reabsorption in kidney
4) Liver, circulate in blood plasma

Front 15

Describe the clotting mechanism

Back 15

-Platelet plug formation: platelet clump forms at wound, chemicals are released and clotting factors are activated
-Coagulation: series of clotting factor/enzyme activation that ends in fibrinogen --> fibrin. Fibrin is the fiber mesh that seals the clot
-Retraction and repair: Clot contracts and compacts, but when wound heals, clot dissolves

Front 16

1) Describe the components of hemoglobin (Hb)
2) What does Hb bind to?
3) What is hematocrit?

Back 16

1) =(heme + globin)x4, heme is a chemical ligand binding iron and globin is a protein that surrounds heme. 4 subunits of the heme-globin complex form a tetramer called hemoglobin
2) Hb binds O2 and CO2
3) % volume of blood that is RBC's, usually about 45%

Front 17

1) Do RBC's have 1 or millions of Hb molecule?
2) What is the shape of the Hb binding curve? Why?
3) What binds tighter to Hb: O2 or CO?
4) What binds tighter to Hb: fetalHb or adultHb?
5) What binds tighter to Hb: Myoglobin or Hb?

Back 17

1) RBC's have hundreds of millions of Hb molecules
2) Sigmoidal b/c after one O2 binds it makes it easier for additional ones to bind = cooperative binding
3) CO binds more tightly to Hb. (Fun fact: That is why CO can be fatal, when it binds it blocks O2 from binding. If exposed to CO for about 1 hr - about half the heme sites in Hb are occupied by CO - this is often fatal)
4) FetalHb
5) Myoglobin

Front 18

What are the three conditions which produce a lower oxygen affinity of Hb?

Back 18

1) Higher levels of CO2
2) Lower pH
3) Higher temps

Think of a working muscle: hot, acidic, high CO2 = needs O2. So, Hb must unload it O2 and it does this by lowering its O2 affinity

Front 19

Discuss how the lymphatic system equalizes fluid distribution

Back 19

1) Interstitial fluid pressure > lymphatic pressure → lymph vessel flaps open → interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic circulation merges with veins → returns the fluid to blood
2) Interstitial fluid pressure < lymphatic pressure → lymph vessel flaps close → prevents lymph from leaking back out.

Front 20

1) In the small intestine, fats get absorbed into the _______
2) What is a lacteal?
3) Where are lymphocytes produced?
4) Where do lymphocytes reside, proliferate, and differentiate?

Back 20

1) Lacteals
2) Lymphatic capillary in the villi of the small intestine
3) In the bone marrow from stem cells
4) Lymphatic tissue

Front 21

1) Where is lymphoid tissue found?
2) What is the job of lymphocytes?
3) What is the function of the thymus?

Back 21

1) Lymph nodes, thymus, and scattered through various organs
2) They clean and filter lymph
3) It's where T cells mature

Front 22

1) How does the lymphatic system work? (basic description)
2) Lymphocytes are concentrated with _______ cells
3) What happens when pathogens or foreign antigens get inside a lymph node?

Back 22

1) cells and plasma proteins that leak out of the blood capillaries gets collected by the lymphatic capillaries and returned to the vein.
2) White blood cells
3) Lymphocytes that reside there are activated and start releasing chemicals that stimulate an immune response = proliferation, antibody production, release of cytokines (cell mediator proteins)

Front 23

1) Macrophages?
2) Neutrophils?
3) Mast cells?
4) Natural killer cells?
5) Dendritic cells?

Back 23

1) Phagocytose pathogen and then act as antigen presenting cell
2) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes = PMNs = phagocytose pathogen and destroys it
3) Release histamine during an allergic response, bring about inflammation
4) Kill infected/abnormal cells
5) The best antigen presenting cells

Front 24

1) Where do T cells mature?
2) What is the difference b/t cytotoxic and helper T cells?
3) Where do B cells mature?
4) When exposed to an antigen, B cells form?

Back 24

1) Thymus
2) Cytotoxic: Recognize antigen on infected cell & signal apoptosis
Helper: Recognize antigen on antigen-presenting cells and signal for activation of B cells, T cells, and macrophages
3) Bone marrow
4) Plasma cells and memory cells

Front 25

1) Function of plasma cells?
2) Function of memory cells?
3) All blood cells arise from __(a)__ cells in the __(b)__
4) Where do B cells differentiate?

Back 25

1) Secrete antibodies
2) They stick around in case the same antigen attacks in the future - they allow for faster immune response b/c T cell activation is not necessary
3) (a)stem cells (b)bone marrow
4) In the bone marrow

Front 26

1) Three functions of the spleen?
2) Where do T lymphocytes differentiate?

Back 26

1) Provides site for WBC storage and proliferation, removes pathogens from blood, and removes old RBCs and platelets
2) Thymus

Front 27

1) Three functions of the lymph nodes?
2) Basic description of innate immunity?
3) What are a few different types of innate immunity?

Back 27

1) Provide site for WBC storage and proliferation, removes pathogens from lymph, where lymphocyes monitor lyph for foreign antigens and initiate an immune response when exposed to foreign antigens
2) First line of defense, kills anything that doesn't look right, not specific to a particular pathogen/antigen
3) Skin (natural flora/keratin layer), mucus membranes (traps pathogens, cilia move them out), phagocytes, natural killer cells (destroy infected cells), antimicrobial proteins, Fever/inflammation

Front 28

Antimicrobial proteins:
1) Function of tears?
2) Interferons?
3) Complement

Back 28

1) Lyse bacteria
2) Interfere with virus replication
3) Punch holes in cell/pathogen membrane

Front 29

1) How are fevers an aspect of immunity?
2) How is inflammation an aspect of immunity?
3) Describe adaptive immunity
4) Give a few examples of adaptive immunity

Back 29

1) WBCs are more active at higher temps
2) Inflammation recruits WBCs to site of infection by sending out chemical signals and making capillaries more permeable
3) Highly specific for a particular pathogen/antigen
4) Antigen recognized by T & B cells, B cells produce antibodies, cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells, antigen presenting cells present foreign antigen on surface

Front 30

What three things occur when antibodies bind to antigens?

Back 30

-Neutralization: pathogen can't adhere to host cell
-Opsonization: makes it easier for phagocytosis
-Complement activation: kills infected cell by punching holes in cell membrane

Front 31

1) What are the tips of antibodies called? Why?
2) The antibody consists of 2 __(a)__ and 2 __(b)__, which are held together by __(c)__ bonds

Back 31

1) Hypervariable regions b/c they are unique on each antigen-specific antibody
2) (a) heavy chains (b) light chains (c) disulfide bonds

Front 32

If you have an extracellular pathogen, briefly describe the immune response

Back 32

1) Macrophage engulfs pathogen
2) Pieces of the pathogen act as an antigen and are presented on the macrophage's cell surface
3) Helper T cells recognize the antigen and activate macrophages to destroy the pathogen. B cells are also activated to produce antibodies against the pathogen

Front 33

If you have an intracellular pathogen, briefly describe the immune response

Back 33

1) Pathogen invades host cell
2) Pieces of pathogen present on cell surface
3) Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigen and signal infected cell to self destruct

Front 34

What are the lymphocytes in order of highest to lowest 'concentration'?

Back 34

Never Let Moneys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils (65%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (6%)
Eosinophils (3%)
Basophils (1%)

Front 35

1) What are the three polymorphonuclear (granules present in cytoplasm) leukocytes?
2) The two monocytes (large WBC)?
3) Of 1 and 2, which are phagocytes?
4) What are the five lymphocytes?

Back 35

1) Neutrophil, Basophil, and Eosinophil
2) Macrophage, Dendritic cell
3) Neutrophil. Macrophage, Dendritic cell
4) T cells (cytotoxic and helper T cells), B cells (plasma and memory cells), and natural killer cells