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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetics is based on _____ & _____
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Genetics is based on _meiosis_ & _fertilization_
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Meiosis
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Forming gametes with the haploid # of chromosomes
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Fertilization
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Formation of the zygote, containing the diploid
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Homologous chromosomes (Homologues)
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The two members of a chromosome pair within a gametic cell, one from the each parent
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Haploid
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Single copy of the genome in gametic cells
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Diploid
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Two sets of chromosomes. Zygotes are diploid
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A Dominant gene is fully expressed when . . .
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A Dominant gene is fully expressed when there is only one copy
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Functional gene product
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Gene being transcribed to mRNA, which is translated to a functional protein
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Allele
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Two version of the same gene, each on a homologous chromosome
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Gene locus
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The place on a chromosome that contains the DNA sequence
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Carrier
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Someone with one copy of a recessive gene
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non-functional gene is . . .
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. . . recessive (needs two copies for expression)
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Gametogenesis
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Meiosis + differentiation
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Mating Types
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term used to distinguish very similar, but differing gametes in lower eukaryotes, whose union produces an offspring (not more or female at this level)
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Vegetative cells are __ploid
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Vegetative cells are _haploid_. The only diploid cell in the life cycle is in the gamete
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Higher animals have __ploid cells
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Higher animals have _diploid cells. Gametes are the only haploid cells
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bivalent (tetrad)
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two chromosomes of each homologous pair bound tightly together during prophase I
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Synapsis
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Pairing of homologous chromosomes into a bivalent
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Prophase I
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Chromosomes begin to condense
Synapsis (Homologoues tightly pair) Crossing Over Telomeres bind to nuclear envelope DNA is exchanged by recombination Nuclear envelope breaks down |
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Chiasmata
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Point in a homologous pair at which crossing over has occurred. Binds sister Chromatids after centromere and homologues separate
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Synaptonemal complex
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Zipper-like protein structure that binds homologous chromosomes
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Metaphase I
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PAIRED Homologous Chromosomes (bivalents) migrate to the spindle equator
Kinetochores from each chromosome in homologoue randomly bind to a polar microtubule going to opposite poles |
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Anaphase I
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Homologues separate
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Separase
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Degrades cohesin, allowing sister chromatids to separate
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Shugoshin
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Protects cohesin located at the chromosomal centromere from being degraded during Meiosis I
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Telophase I
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Haploid set of chromosomes arrive at spindle pole
Nuclear envelope forms Cytokinesis begins Chromosomes DO NOT decondense |
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Interphase during Meiosis II
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Very short if at all. No DNA synthesis, no replication
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Prophase II
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Similar to mitotic prophase
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Metaphase II
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Similar to mitotic metaphase
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Anaphase II
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Sister chromatids separate
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Telophase II
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Chromosomes do not uncoil, remain condensed until fertilization
Nuclear membrane reforms Cytokinesis |
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Nondisjunction
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Failure of chromosome separation during Anaphase I (homologues) or Anaphase II (sister chromatids)
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Spermatogenesis begins at . . .
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. . . puberty
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Spermatogonia divide _____ by ______
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Spermatogonia divide _continually_ by _mitosis_
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Spermatocytes begin _________
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Spermatocytes begin _mitosis_
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Spermatid
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4 spermatids from 1 Spermatocyte
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differentiation
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supercondensation of the DNA, loss of cytoplasm and growth of a flagellum
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Spermatozoon include:
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Head containing nucleus & and acrosome
midpiece - containing mitochondrian tail Flagellum surrounded by mitochondria in midpiece |
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Oogenesis - Definition
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Egg Creation
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oocytes
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in follicles in ovary
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oogonia
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undifferentiated germ cells giving rise to oocytes. Arrested in Prophase I
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Oogenesis - Process
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Primordial germ cells multiply by mitosis to produce oogonia
At birth, all mitoses are complete, cells are arrested in Prophase I The oocytes are in follicles in the ovary Once a month 15-20 follicles grow Activation protein kinases Maturation - Resumption of meiosis Finish Prophase I, complete first meiotic division and begin second Arrested in Metaphase II Only one haploid egg is produced - unequal cytokinesis produces 3 polar bodies Ovulation Fertilization - sperm is differentiated in female reproductive tract |
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Entrance of the sperm causes the egg to complete ________
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Entrance of the sperm causes the egg to complete _meiosis_
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pronuclei
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nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum
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The _________ is the basal body from the ________ of the sperm
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The _centriole_ is the basal body from the _flagellum_ of the sperm
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The centriole from the sperm becomes _____ to start _____
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The centriole from the sperm becomes _spindle_ to start _mitosis_
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