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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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signal transduction
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communication between environment and cell or between two cells
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signal output depends on ....
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extracellular signal molecules
molecules that respond to signals |
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pheromones
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signals that cells send out to environment
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sex pheromones
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mating between organisms of the same species
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hormones, morphogens, neurotransmitters are all signals that...
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cells send out for other cells in the same organism
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paracrine signal
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neighboring cells
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contact-dependent signal
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development or immune response
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synaptic signaling
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specific target...can go a distance
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endocrine signaling
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whole organism
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autocrine signaling
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signals secreted by the cell bind to self to reinforce developmental decisions (ie differentiation)
more effective when other cells are doing the same |
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cominbinatorial signaling will effect cellular phenotypes such as...
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surviving
dividing differentiating dying |
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acetyl choline has multiple effects. why?
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different interpretation of signal is due to the differences in receptor and intracellular machinary
1. heart muscle cell: decrease rate and force of contraction 2. salivary gland cell: secretion 3. skeletal muscle cell: contraction |
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NO
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gas nitric oxide
readily pass through the cell membrane |
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some signal molecules are hydrophilic. what is required?
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these ligands need to bind receptors on cell surface for transducing their effects
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autonomic nerves release ____ in the walls of blood vesels
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acetyl choline
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acetylo choline effects are mediated by activation of ____ and formatino of ____.
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NO synthase
nitric oxide |
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what does viagra inhibit?
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cyclic GMP conversion to GMP by phosphodiesterase
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nitroglycerine
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2 proposed mechanisms
1. nitroglycerine -> NO-> relaxation of blood vessel 2. nitroglycerine is directly interfering with cGMP |
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steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoids, and vit D diffuse across the membrane, bind receptor and regulate ____
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gene transcription
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steroid hormone receptor belongs to what family?
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nuclear receptor superfamily
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nuclear receptros have three domains. What are they?
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1. transcritpion activation doman (AF1)
2. DNA binding domain (DBD) 3. ligand binding domain (LBD or AF2) |
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___prevents migration of the nucelar recepter to nucleus.
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Hsp90
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four largest classes of cell surface receptors are:
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1. ion channel-linked: synaptic signaling
2. G-protein linked: activate membrane bound enzyme or ion channel 3. enzyme-linked: function as enzymes or associate with enzymes (TM proteins) 4. Other classes |
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How is GPCR activated?
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disassembly
alpha is GTPase: active alpha activates targets |
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RGS
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regulator of G-protein signaling controls the pathway
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Gs
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stimulatory G-proteins activate adenylate cyclase
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Cholera
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causes ADP-ribosylation of GTP-bound alpha of G-protein: so alpha remains active
causes: efflux of Cl-and water into the gut |
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Gi
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inhibitory G-proteins inhibit adenylate cyclase
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Pertusis
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modifies GDP-bound alpha subunit: no inhibition of adenylate cyclase
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olfactory receptors are linked to ___
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G-proteins
activated Golf stimulates cAMP-> opens gated ion channels to increase sodium influx and neuron depolarization |
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What is the fastest g-protein mediated responses known in vertebrates?
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visual transduction
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visual transduction receptor activation leads to____
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decrease in cGMP levels
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rod photoreceptors are responsible for
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non color vision
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cGMP gated sodium channels open in ___ whn cGMP levels are high
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dark
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Light activated rhodopsin activates____that in turn activates _____.
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transducin (Gt)
cGMP phosphodiesterase leads to hyperpolarization |
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What are examples of enzyme linked receptors
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receptro tyrosine kinases
tyrosine kinase associated receptors receptor like tyrosine phosphatases receptor ser-thr kinases receptor guanylate cyclases histidine kinases associated |
