Molec And Cell Test 2

Front 1

when early eukayotic cells engulf the small bacteria and enter into a symbiosis with them is known as what?

Back 1

endosymbiotic theory

Front 2

amino acid sequence that directs the protein to the corresponding organelle

Back 2

sorting signal

Front 3

the nucleus uses what for the movement of its proteins?

Back 3

nuclear pores

Front 4

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) uses what to move its protein?

Back 4

protein translocators, and transport vesicles

Front 5

sorting signals are typically how long?

Back 5

15-60 amino acids long

Front 6

nuclei have _____with an inner and outer membraine

Back 6

nuclear envelopes

Front 7

the inner membrane allows connection of chromosomes and is used for holding the

Back 7

nuclear lamina

Front 8

the ______ ______ allow movement between the nucleus and the cytosol

Back 8

nuclear pores

Front 9

large molecules (like proteins) need recognition signals to pass – for proteins these are signals enriched with ______ _____ _____ that carry positive charges

Back 9

lysine and/or arginine

Front 10

_____ ______ _____ help guide nuclear proteins into the nuclear pore

Back 10

nuclear transport receptors

Front 11

proteins unfold as they cross both membranes (outer and inner) via?

Back 11

protein translocators

Front 12

ribosomes are attached to what?

Back 12

rough ER

Front 13

what two pathways exist with vesicular transport?

Back 13

1. secretory pathway
2. endocytic

Front 14

at the cell surface of the plasma membrane, a protein called _____ helps to instigate the formation of a vesicle

Back 14

clathrin

Front 15

the vesicle forms by invagination of the membrane, and then a protein called ______ pinches off the vesicle

Back 15

dynamin

Front 16

the protein ______ finds specific cargo receptors that are carrying a specific cargo, which are now on the inside

Back 16

adaptin

Front 17

Each vesicle in during the Vesicular Transport has specific proteins called?

Back 17

Rab proteins

Front 18

Rab proteins are recognized by _____ _______ on the surface of the target membraine

Back 18

tethering proteins

Front 19

what is the process of moving proteins OUT of the cell?

Back 19

exocytosis

Front 20

proteins destined for secretion are typically modified in what two major ways?

Back 20

1. disulfide bonds
2. glycosylation

Front 21

what is the key organelle with the secretory pathway?

Back 21

Golgi apparati

Front 22

the Golgi is typically composed of 3-20 ‘sacs’ called _____?

Back 22

cisternae

Front 23

cisternae have two distinct faces, which are?

Back 23

1. cis face (facing the ER)
2. trans face (facing towards the plasma membrane)

Front 24

transport vesicles are involved in what pathway?

Back 24

default pathway

Front 25

secretory vesicles are involved in what pathway?

Back 25

regulated exocytosis pathway

Front 26

What is the process of bringing in a foreign entity

Back 26

endocytosis

Front 27

what are the two types of endocytosis?

Back 27

1. pinocytosis- cellular drinking (fluids and small molecules)

2. phagocytosis- cellular eating (large particles)

Front 28

vesicles formed from phagocytosis are called ____?

Back 28

phagosomes

Front 29

during phagocytosis the membrane forms ______ (false feet) to help engulf the larger debris

Back 29

pseudopods

Front 30

are essentially sacs of about 40 hydrolytic enzymes

Back 30

lysosomes

Front 31

lysosomes are essentially sacs of about 40 what?

Back 31

hydrolytic enzymes

Front 32

in addition to digesting the material brought in by endocytosis, the cell uses _____ to degrade parts of itself

Back 32

autophagy

Front 33

cells in multicellular organisms need to communicate for the entire organism to function properly (recall neuron signaling)
for this to happen you need a?

Back 33

1. signaling cell (sends the signal)
2. target cell (recieves the signal)

Front 34

target cells need what to detect the signal?

Back 34

receptor proteins

Front 35

the extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal, which is a process known as

Back 35

transductions

Front 36

what are the four main types of cell signaling?

Back 36

1. endocrine
2. paracrine
3. neuronal
4. contact-dependent

Front 37

: hormones are a common type of cell signal that are produced by endocrine cells (e.g. pancreas cells produce insulin) that are distributed throughout the organism via the bloodstream (animals) or sap (plants)

Back 37

endocrine

Front 38

this system involves a local signaling system (e.g. cells that help heal a wound)

Back 38

paracrine

Front 39

this system mostly involves neurons and neurotransmitters that we discussed previously; it uses neurotransmitters to bridge the physical gap (synapse) between neurons

Back 39

neuronal

Front 40

requires direct cell contact; the signal molecules are in the plasma membrane of the signal cell, and the receptor proteins are in the plasma membrane of the target cell

Back 40

contact-dependent

Front 41

______ has a variety of functions, depending on the cell (and the receptor) that receives the signal

Back 41

acetylcholine

Front 42

what are the two main types of receptors?

Back 42

1. cell-surface receptors
2. intracellular receptors

Front 43

_________ tend to be large and/or hydrophilic (i.e. they can’t pass through the plasma membrane)

Back 43

cell surface signal molecules

Front 44

_________ tend to be small and hydrophobic (i.e. they CAN pass through the plasma membrane)

Back 44

intracellular signal molecules

Front 45

intracellular signal molecules generally influence transcription and bind to a member of the ________?

Back 45

nuclear receptor superfamily

Front 46

these relays involve intracellular signaling pathways, that can operate in the 4 following ways:

Back 46

1. simple relay of the signal
2. amplification of the signal
3. integration of several intracellular signals into one
4. distribution of the signal to other signaling pathways

Front 47

activation of proteins is typically done by what process?

Back 47

phosphorylation

Front 48

deactivation of proteins is typically done by what process

Back 48

dephosphorylation

Front 49

what are the two main types of enzymes involved in activation and deactivation?

Back 49

1. kinases
2. phospatases

Front 50

many pathways involve several kinases activating the next kinase in the pathway, which activates the next kinase….these are referred to as ___________?

Back 50

phosphorylation cascades