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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a mold? |
Tangled, fast growing filamentous fungi |
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What is a mycelium? |
Any large portion of a mold mass |
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What are hyphae? |
The filamentous part of mold, each filament is one hyphae |
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What three components does mold have? |
1. Root threads (in food) 2. A stalk (above food) 3. A spore (end of stalk) |
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What are the symptoms of non toxic molds? |
Allergic reactions and respitory problems |
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What are mold toxins called? |
Mycotoxins |
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Heavy mold growth indicates what type of interaction with the food? |
The more top growth, the farther in the roots go |
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Which part of the mold body is most dangerous and why? |
The roots- that's where the toxins are contained |
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Which environment is best for molds? |
Indoor and outdoor, all year round |
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What conditions are best for mold? |
Warm and humid! |
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How does mold spread? |
Spores float through the air and land somewhere else, if it is humid it will germinate |
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Two best ways to kill mold? |
Radiation and direct heat |
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What are the two worst ways to kill mold? |
Drying and lyophilization |
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Why is it difficult to enumerate mold? |
Multicellular. Plus its easy to count only spores and undercount hyphae |
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What are 5 common types of mold in food? |
Aspergillus, penicillium, Byssochlamys, fusarium, and trichothecium |
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What are the six reasons mold easily cause food spoilage? |
1. Prolific spore producers (airborne) 2. Nutritionally versatile 3. Need limited Aw 4. Wide temp range 5. Wide pH range 6. Aerobic |
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Mycotoxins are.....(type of bad molecule) |
Mutagenic and carcinogenic |
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What are the Mycotoxins to mold? |
Secondary metabolites that are not essential for growth |
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What is the entry point of Mycotoxins? |
Lungs!!!!!!! Also skin, eyes, and GI track |
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How big is a mycotoxin? |
.1 micron |
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Which Mycotoxin was talked about the most and is seemingly more damgerous? |
Trichothecene |
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What three things are unique about trichothecene? |
1. Can absorb through skin 2. Cannot be destroyed with UV or freezing 3. Toxic for several years |
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What long term damage is caused by Mycotoxins? (5) |
Breathing, mental, internal organs, immune system suppression, cancer |
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What are short terms of Mycotoxins? |
Pain and vomiting |
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What four things should you do if exposed to these toxins? |
1. Shower for a long time 2. Wash with soap 3. Shampoo hair, do it again (hold Mycotoxins) 4. Get a haircut |
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What is aflatoxin? |
Aspergillus flavus toxin Most studied, most potent |
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What outbreak was the aflatoxin associated with? |
India corn outbreak in 1974, 106 died |
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Cooking does not inactive aflatoxin? |
True |
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Which organ is aflatoxin hardest on? |
The liver |
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Which antibiotics were found to actually be carcinogens? |
Citrin and Patulin |
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How do you detect citrin? |
Turns bright yellow with long UV waves |
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Which mycotoxin has the most complex composition? |
Ochratoxin (7 peices) |
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Which two organs are ochratoxins hardest on? |
Kidney and testicles (cancer) |
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What does Patulin cause? |
Subcutaneous sarcomas |
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What does sterigmatocystins cause? |
Heptocarcinogenic activity |
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What do fumonisins cause? |
Esophageal cancer |
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What is the short hand for trichothecene? |
T2 toxin |
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What fatal disease does trichothecene cause? |
Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) |
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What are the symptoms of ATA? |
Skin pain, vomiting, diarrhea, complete degradation of bone marrow, and death |
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What problem does zearalenone cause? |
Contaminated maize and hay causes economic loss |
