Modules: 3-4 Neuroscience And Behavior (Brain)

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biological psychology

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a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (some biological psychologist call themselves behavioral neuroscientitsts, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, phsyiological psychologists, or bio psychologists.

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neuron

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a nerve cell ; teh basic building block of the nervous system

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dendrite

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the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that recveibe messages and conduct impulses toward teh cell body.

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axon

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the extension of a neruon, ending in beranching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or galnds.

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myelin sheathe

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a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as teh impulse hops from one node to the enxt.

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action potential

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a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that ravels down an axon. the action potential is generated by the movement of positvely charged atoms in and out of channels in teh axon's membrane

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threshold

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the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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synapse

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the junction between teh axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neruon. the tiny gap at this junction is called teh synaptic gap or cleft

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neurotransmitters

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chemical messenger that traverse teh synaptic gaps betrween nreurons. when released by the sedning neuron, neurotransmitters tracvel across teh synapse and bind to receptor sites on teh receiving neruon, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

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acetycholine

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a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers msucle contraction

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endorphins

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"morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransimtters linked to apin control and to pleasure.

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nervous system

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the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of teh perihpheral and central nervous systems.

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central nervous system

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the brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

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the sensory and motor neruosns that connect teh centeral nervous system to teh rest of the body

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nerves

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neural "cables"containing many axons. these bundled axons, which are part of the perihpheral nervous sytem, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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sensory neurons

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neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.

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interneurons

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central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

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motor neruons

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neurons that carry outgoing information from teh central nervous system to teh muslces and glands.

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somatic nervous system

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teh diviion of the peripheral nervous system that controsl the bod's skeletal muscles. also called teh skeletal nervous system

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autonomic nervous system

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teh part of teh peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and teh msucles of teh internal organs (such as teh heart). its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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sympathetic nervous system

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teh division of teh autonomic nervous system tha tarouses teh boy, mobilizing its energy in stressful situation.

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parasympathetic nervous system

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the divison of teh autonomic nervous system that calms teh body, conserving its energy.

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reflex

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a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimullus, such as teh knee jerk response.

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neural networks

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interconnected neural cells. with eexperience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. computer stimulations of neural networks show analogous learning.

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endocrine syustme

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the body's "slow" chemical communcation system; a set of glands tha tsecrete hormones into the bloodstream

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hormones

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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by teh endocrine galnds, taht are produced in one tissue an daffect another.

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adrenal glands

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a pari of endocrine glands just above teh kidneys. teh adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaleine, which help to arouse teh body in times of stress.

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pituitary gland

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the endorcine system's most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

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lesion

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tissue destrcution. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentall caused destructino of brain tissuue.

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electroencephalogram

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an amplified recording of teh waves of electrical activity that sweept across teh brain's surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on teh scalp.

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CT (computed tomography) scan

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a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by comptuer into a composite representation of a slice through teh body also called a CAT scan

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PET (positron emissino tomography) scan

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a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while teh brain performs a given task

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MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)

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a technique taht sues magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images taht distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

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brainstem

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teh odlest part and central core of teh brain,beginning where teh spinal cord swells as it enters teh skull; the brainstem is responsibel for automatic survival fucntions.

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medulla

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the base of teh brainstem; cnotrosl heartbeat and breathing

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reticular formation

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a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

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thalamus

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teh brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of teh brainstem; it dircects messages to teh sensory receving areas in teh cortex and transmits repleies to teh cerebellum and medulla

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cerebellum

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the "little brain"attached to the rearof teh brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movemetn and balance

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limbic system

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a doughnut shpaed system of neural structures at teh border of teh brainstem and cerebral hemmispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and rives such as those for food and sex. includes the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus.

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amygdala

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two almond shaped neural clusters taht are components of the limbic systems and are linked to emotion

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hypothalamus

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a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs severeal maintenance activities (eating drinking, body temperature) helps govern teh endocrine system via teh pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

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cerbral cortex

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the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers teh cerbral hemispheres; teh body's ulitimate controal dninformation processing centter

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glial cells

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cells in the nervous system taht supoprt, nourish, and protect neruons.

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frontal lobes

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the portaion of the cerbral cotex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movemtns and in making plans and judggements

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parietal lobes

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the portion of the cerebral cotex lying at the top of the head and toward teh rear; includes teh sensory cortex

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occipital lobes

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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at teh back of teh head; includes teh visual areas, which revceive visual information from teh opposite visual field

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temporal lobes

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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above teh ears; includes teh auditory areas, each of twhich receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

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motor cortex

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an area at teh rear of the frontal lobes that contorls voluntary movemehnts

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sensory cortex

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the area at teh front of teh parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations

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association areas

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areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

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aphasia

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impariment of language, usuallyu caused by left himisphere damage either to Broca;s area (imparing speaking) or to wernicke's area (imparing understanding.)

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broca's areas

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controls lanugage expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in teh left temporal lobe

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plasticity

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the brain's capactiy for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especailly in children) and in experiments oon teh effects of experience on brain development.

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corpus callosum

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the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres an dcarrying message between them.

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split brain

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a condition in which teh two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting teh connecting fibers) mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.

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acetylcholine

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enables muscle action, learning, adn memory

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dopamine

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influences movement, learnign attention and emotion

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serotonin

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affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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norepinephrine

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helps control alertness and arousal

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GABA

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a major inhibiotyr neurotransmitter

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glutamate

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a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

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hypothalamus

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contains reward centers

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lesion

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tissue destruction

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EEG

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amplified recording of brain waves

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CAT SCAN

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a technique that sues x rays to image the brain

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Reticular formation

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helps control arousal

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MRI

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technique that uses radio wavesr and magnetic fields to image the brain

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thalamus

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serves as sensory switchboard

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corpus callosum

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links the cerebral hemispheres

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cerebellum

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enables coordinated movemetn

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amygdala

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influences rage and fear

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medulla

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regulates breathign and heartbeat

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right hemisphere

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specializes in spatial relations

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brainstem

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oldest part of teh brain

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glial cells

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brain cells that provide nutrients and insulating myelin

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aphasia

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language disorder

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plasticity

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the brain's capacity for modification

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broca's area

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contorls speech production

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wernicke's area

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responsible for language comprehensino

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limbic system

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regulates emotion

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association areas

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brain areas invovled in higher mental fucntions

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lef themisphere

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specializes in rationalizing reactions

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angular gyrus

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translates writing into speech

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Sensorimotor

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experiencing the world thorugh sense and actions (looking, touching, mouthign, and grasping)

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preoperational

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representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning

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concret operational

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thinking logically about oncrete events; grasping concrete analgoies and performing arithmetical operations

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formal operational

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abstract reasoning

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Sensorimotor

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object permanence, stranger anxiety

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preoperational

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pretend play egocentrism lanugage devlopment

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concrete operational

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conservation mathematicla tarnsformations

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formal operational

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abstract logic, potential fo rmature moral reasoning

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sensorimotor

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birth to nearly two years

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preoperational

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aobut 2 to 6 years

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concrete operational

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about 7-11 years

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formal operational

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about 12 through adulthood

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infancy to 1 year

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TRUST vs MISTRUST

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toddlerhood (1-2 years)

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autonomy vs shame and doubt

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preschooler (3-5)

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initiative vs guilt

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elementary school (6-puberty)

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competence vs inferiority

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adolescence (teen years into 20s)

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identity vs role confusion

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young adulhod (20s to early 40s)

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intimacy vs isolation

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middle adulhood (40s to 60s

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generativity vs stagnation

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late adulthood Late 60s and up)

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integrity vs despair