Modules 2: Research Strategies:

Front 1

hindsight bias

Back 1

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Front 2

critical thinking

Back 2

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hdiden values, evaluates evidence, adn assesses conclusions.

Front 3

theory

Back 3

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.

Front 4

hypothesis

Back 4

a testable prediction, often implied yb a theory.

Front 5

operational difinition

Back 5

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. for example intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

Front 6

replication

Back 6

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Front 7

case study

Back 7

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Front 8

survey

Back 8

a tecnique for ascertaining the self-reported attitues or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

Front 9

false consensus effect

Back 9

the tendency to overestimate the exten to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Front 10

population

Back 10

all teh cases in a group, from which samples may be drwan for a study. (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population

Front 11

random sample

Back 11

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 12

illusory correlation

Back 12

the perception of a relationship where none exists.

Front 13

experiement

Back 13

a reserach method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe teh effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). by random assignment of participants, the experiemtn controls other relevant factors

Front 14

double-blind procedure

Back 14

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants adn teh reserach staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research paticipants have received the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug evaluation studies.

Front 15

placebo effect

Back 15

experimental results casued by expectations alone; any effect on behavior casued by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

Front 16

experimental condition

Back 16

the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to teh treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Front 17

control condition

Back 17

the condition of an experiment that contrasts with teh experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment