Module 9 - The Immune System: Internal Defense

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Immunology

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the study of internal defense systems in animals

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"Internal Defense"

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self-generated protection from an agent that can cause harm to the organism

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allergic reactions

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hypersensitivity results in the manufacture of antibodies against mild antigens (allergens) which normally do not stimulate an immune response

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rheumatoid arthritis

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T cells produce a cytokine that promotes inflammation- antibodies to a joint protein may generate antigen-antibody complexes that are deposited in small joints

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multiple sclerosis

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an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, T cells attack self-myelin antigens- loss of myelin sheaths around axons in the brain and spinal cord compromises neuron function

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Allergy

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an excessively strong response (hypersensitivity) to an antigen that is not very harmful

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Autoimmune disorders

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happen when an individual fails to recognize one of their own tissues as SELF.

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Immunodeficiency disease

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a condition that increase susceptibility to infeciton

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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a retrovirus- an RNA virus that uses its RNA as a template to make DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase that preferentially attacks helper T cells.

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Protease inhibitors

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block the viral enzyme protease, resulting in viral copies that can't infect new cells

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Pathogens

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disease causing organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, worms

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Infection

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the infiltration and growth of pathogenic organisms with (or on) the tissues of another organism

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Immune systems

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humans and other animals recognize pathogens and toxins, then respond to eliminate them

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Lymph vessels

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carry interstitial fluid

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Lymph nodes

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collecting points for lymph vessels in the body

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Thymus

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produce T cells

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Bone marrow

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produce B cells

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spleen

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removes dead bacteria and red blood cells to recycle hemoglobin

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Leukocytes

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defend the body against harmful bacteria and other microorganisms

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Granular leukocytes

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have large, lobed nuclei and distinctive granules in their cytoplasm

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Neutrophils

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phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria and dead cells

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Eosinophils

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contain lysosomes with enzymes that degrade cell membranes of parasitic worms

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Basophils

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release histamine in injured tissues and in allergic responses

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NK cells

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target viruses and tumor cells

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Agranular leukocytes

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lack granules; their nuclei are rounded or kidney-shaped

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Lymphocytes

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(B and T cells) fight infections; some produce antibodies, others directly attack invaders such as bacteria or viruses

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Monocytes

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phagocytes that migrate from blood tissues during an infection

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Macrophages

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engulf bacteria, dead cells, and debris

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Cytokines

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proteins that bind to membrane receptors on target cells

Regulate immune responses, as well as cell growth, repair, and cell activation

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Nonspecific immune response

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Innate immunity- provides immediate, general protection against pathogens, parasites, some drugs, and cancer cells

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Specific immune responses

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Acquired/adaptive immunity- specific immune system recognizes specific molecules as foreign (antigens) and produces highly specific proteins (antibodies) that recognize and bind to them

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Complement

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consists of proteins present in plasma and other body fluids that are nonspecific

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Antigens

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identification molecules found on cell surfaces

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MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

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an individual's unique set of genetically determined antigens

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Cell-mediated immunity

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T cells mature in the Thymus

-Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and Suppressor T cells

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Helper T cells

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secrete cytokines and boost the function of other cells in the immune system

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Cytotoxic t cells

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attack other cells that are infected with viruses

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Humoral immunity

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B cells mature in the bone marrow and each B cell makes antibodies specific for one targe

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Interferon

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causes macrophages to mature and it stimulates Natural Killer cells to start destroying infected cells in the tissue

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Passive immunity

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obtained from antibodies actively produced by another organism