Module 7 - The Nervous System & Sensory Reception

Front 1

Stimulus

Back 1

A change in an organism's environment

Front 2

Endocrine Systems

Back 2

hormones are produced and circulated to trigger chemical reactions

Front 3

Nervous System

Back 3

Neurons send electrical signals to target cell to trigger reactions

Front 4

Neural signaling

Back 4

information transfer by networks of nerve cells (neurons)

Front 5

Steps of Neural Signaling

Back 5

Reception

Transmission

Integration

Action by effectors

Front 6

Reception

Back 6

the process of detecting a stimulus.

performed by a receptor

Front 7

Transmission

Back 7

process of sending messages along a neuron

either from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a muscle or gland

Front 8

Integration

Back 8

sorting and interpreting incoming sensory information and determining the appropriate response

Front 9

Action

Back 9

the physical or physiological response which is carried by an effector

Front 10

Effector

Back 10

any structure or organ that brings about a reaction to a stimulus

Front 11

Neurons

Back 11

Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that receive stimuli and produce and transmit electrical signals called nerve impulses or action potentials

Front 12

Cell body

Back 12

contains nucleus and organelles

contains the bulk of the cytoplasm

Front 13

Axon

Back 13

long extension from neuron cell body, forms branches (axon collateral), conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron or to an effector organ

Front 14

Dendrites

Back 14

short highly branched processes specialized to receive stimuli, and send signals toward the cell body which integrates incoming signals

Front 15

Neuroglia (glial cells)

Back 15

"nerve glue" cells which serve supportive functions within the nervous system

Front 16

Microglia

Back 16

phagocytic cells which remove debris & waste products

Front 17

Astrocytes

Back 17

star shaped cells which provide a glucose energy source

Front 18

Oligodendrocytes

Back 18

contain the fatty substance, myelin, which insulates axons and speeds up the rate of impulse transmission

Front 19

Schwann Cells

Back 19

similar in function to Oligodendrocytes, but they form a sheath on peripheral nerves

Front 20

Synapse

Back 20

the junction between a synaptic terminal and another neuron or effector

Front 21

Synaptic terminals

Back 21

release neurotransmittes

Front 22

Neurotransmitters

Back 22

chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another or to an effector

Front 23

Ganglion

Back 23

cell bodies belonging to the axons of a nerve

Front 24

Cephalization

Back 24

formation of a head; cerebral ganglia or primitive brain and allows for directed movement

Front 25

Nervous system in Hydra

Back 25

Nerve net: nerve cells are scattered in the body.

Front 26

Nervous system in starfish (Echinoderms)

Back 26

Radial Nervous system: consists of a nerve ring and nerves extend to various parts of the body.

Front 27

Nervous system in flatworm (Platyhelminthes)

Back 27

Bilateral Nervous System

Front 28

Centralization

Back 28

Two longitudinal nerve cords connected by transverse (lateral) nerves

Front 29

Specialization

Back 29

cells and organs with specific directions of transmission and have specific types of stimuli to which they respond

Front 30

Nervous system in Round worms (Annelids), Arthropods & Mollusks

Back 30

Bilateral Nervous System

Front 31

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 31

Brain and spinal cord

Front 32

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 32

Nerves & ganglia

Front 33

Nerves

Back 33

groups of axons, bundled together in a sheet of connective tissue

Front 34

Ganglia

Back 34

clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Front 35

Cerebrum

Back 35

receive incoming sensory information and control voluntary movement; thoughts, language, and learning

Front 36

Cerebellum

Back 36

Reflex center for muscular contraction and refinement of movements, coordinates muscle activity and regulates muscle tone and posture

Front 37

Medulla Oblongata

Back 37

Control center for internal organs (heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure)

Front 38

Thalamus

Back 38

Main sensory relay center for conducting information between spinal cord and cerebrum; Neurons in thalamus sort and interpret incoming sensory information before relaying messages to neurons in cerebrum

Front 39

Hypothalamus

Back 39

contains centers for control of body temperature, appetite, fat metabolism, and certain emotions; regulates pituitary gland

Front 40

Spinal cord

Back 40

receives and sends nerve impulses to brain and processing and integration; controls many reflex actions

Front 41

Two divisions of peripheral nervous system

Back 41

Somatic and autonomic

Front 42

Somatic

Back 42

Voluntary and responds to changes in the external environment

Front 43

Somatic: afferent

Back 43

from external receptors (eyes, skin)

Front 44

Somatic: efferent

Back 44

to skeletal muscle nerves

Front 45

Autonomic

Back 45

Involuntary and regulates internal activities of the body

Front 46

Autonomic: afferent

Back 46

from internal receptors (stomach, body)

Front 47

Autonomic: efferent

Back 47

to smooth and cardiac muscle

Front 48

Sympathetic nerves

Back 48

Increase response (faster heart rate)

Front 49

Parasympathetic nerves

Back 49

Decrease response (slower heart rate)

Front 50

Sympathetics system

Back 50

permits the body to respond to stressful situations