Module 7 Integument

Front 1

Type of junction that forms a tight leakproof seal Ex stomach, intestines, bladder

CHOOSE FROM:
Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction

Back 1

Tight Junction between cells

Front 2

type of junction that uses a protein called cadherin, works like a belt to keep the pants from falling down as they expand and contract
CHOOSE FROM:
Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction

Back 2

Adherens junction between cells

Front 3

type of junction "spot welds" between cells. Hold tissue together against mechanical disruption, these junctions use cadherin between cells and between to form a continuous strong structure
CHOOSE FROM:
Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction

Back 3

Desomsomes Junction between cells

Front 4

type of junction found between cell and basement membrane. protein integrin is used to link hemidesmosome to basement membrane. on cell side-intermediate filaments anchor to cytoskeleton to integrins which connect to basement
CHOOSE FROM:
Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction

Back 4

Hemidesmosome Junction between cells

Front 5

type of junction, a protein connexin forms pore-like structures called connexons. a connexon allows small ions to pass from cell to cell. monomers and small polymers can pass between cells. connexons can seal off a sick cell
CHOOSE FROM:
Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction

Back 5

Gap junction between cells

Front 6

Type of tissue that forms a covering that protects the body. this covers lumen in intestinal tract

choices; epithelial, connective, muscular, or nervous

Back 6

epithelial tissue

Front 7

type of tissue holds structure of body, used for strength and hold organs together. ex. bone and tendons are connective tissue

choices; epithelial, connective, muscular, or nervous

Back 7

Connective tissue

Front 8

type of tissue that moves body parts around

choices; epithelial, connective, muscular, or nervous

Back 8

muscular tissue

Front 9

type of tissue that is in the CNS(brain and spinal cord) and PNS (ganglia and nerves)

Back 9

nervous tissue

Front 10

name the two layers of the epithelium and which one is on top and which is on basement

Back 10

Free Apical surface-top
basal surface- basement

Front 11

What two layers is makes up the basement membrane

Back 11

basal lamina-nearest epithelial tissue
reticular lamina- deeper than basal

Front 12

what type of tissue is below the basement membrane

Back 12

connective tissue

Front 13

name the three types of arrangements that can be found in the epithelial tissue

Back 13

simple- cells in single layers but all touch basement
pseudostratified-appear to have layers but all touch basement
stratified- have layers only lowest layer toush the basement

Front 14

name the three types of shapes of epithelial tissue

Back 14

squamos- flat, wide "paving stone" cells
cuboidal- cells are as wide as tall
columnar- cells taller than wide

Front 15

how many combinations can we make of epithelial tissues

Back 15

8 combinations
simple squamous epithelia
simple cuboidal epithelia
simple columnar epithelia
pseudostratified columnar epithelia
stratified squamous epithelia
stratified cuboidal epithelia
stratified columnar epithelia
transitional epithelia

Front 16

describe simple squamous epithelia

Back 16

simple layer of flat cells
ex
lining of heart, air sacs, eardrum, lining of blood and lymph vessels, kidney filtration, one layer of serous membranes

Front 17

describe simple cuboidal epithelia

Back 17

single layer of cube-shaped cells
ex. surface of ovaries, eye lens and pigement epithelium, many glands, kidney tubules
often found where secretion and absorption take place

Front 18

describe simple columnar epithelia

Back 18

single layer of column-like cells
nonciliated- GI tract, glandular ducts, gallbladder
ciliated- respiratory tract, efferent ducts testes, canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, uterine tubes/uterus, paranasal sinuses

Front 19

describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 19

appeals to have layers/ all cells attached to basement membrane
ciliated- upper respiratory airways
nonciliated- glands, epididymis and urethra

Front 20

describe stratified squamous epithelia

Back 20

flat cells. most commone epithelia. makes up skin and mucous membranes

Front 21

describe stratified cuboidal epithelia

Back 21

two or more layers. sweat gland ducts, esophageal gland duct, and part of male urethra

Front 22

describe stratified columnar epithelia

Back 22

two or more layers, made up of tall cells, part of urethra, part of anal mucous membrane, excretory ducts of some glands, part of conjunctiva in eye

Front 23

describe transitional epithelia

Back 23

shape of cells changes depending on state of stretch. several layers
ex. bladder nearby urethra and ureters. full bladder: squamous cells
empty bladder: cuboidal cells

Front 24

What is another name for unbranched gland

Back 24

simple glands

Front 25

what is another name for branched gland

Back 25

compound glands

Front 26

what is another name for tube-like gland

Back 26

tubular gland

Front 27

what is another name for grape-like gland

Back 27

acinar "alveolar" gland

Front 28

what is another name for grape-like and tube-like gland

Back 28

tubulacinar gland

Front 29

Name the three types of exocrine glands

Back 29

Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine glands

Front 30

Describe steps in formation of secretory product Merocrine Secretion

Back 30

1. instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus, 2. synthesized in rough ER, 3. packaged in Golgi Complex, 4. formed into secretory vesicle, 5. released. protein is formed in RER. it's packages into vesicles in Golgi complex that can fuse with cell membrane on demand to release cell's secretory product

Front 31

Describe Apocrine secretion's steps in formation of secretory product

Back 31

1. instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus, 2. synthesized in rough ER, 3.packaged in golgi,4.formed into vesicle, 5.end of cell breaks off and dissolves. vesicles gather together in a little cell life raft which is broken open and releases vesicle product. male prostate and female mammory glands secrete their products this way

Front 32

describe holocrine secretion steps in formation of secretory product

Back 32

1.instruction transcribed to mRNA in nucleus, 2.synthesized in rough ER, 3.packaged in Golgi complex, 4a. cell dies releasing product, 4b. lost cell replaced by division of stem cells

Front 33

describe connective tissue

Back 33

cells loosely arranged with a lot of space between
abundant extracellular matrix-substance secreted by cells

Front 34

name the two embryonic connective tissue

Back 34

mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

Front 35

name the five types of mature connective tissue

Back 35

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid

Front 36

What does connective tissue in embryo do

Back 36

rapidly dividing cells are gathering together into organs and tissues so they must be able to move freely

Front 37

what does connective tissue in mature human

Back 37

connective tissue holds things in place does not want to allow movement of cells

Front 38

define fibroblasts

Back 38

most numerous of connective tissue cell and secrete fibrous components

Front 39

define adipocytes

Back 39

fat cells, store triglycerides

Front 40

define mast cells

Back 40

important in inflammation, produce histamine

Front 41

define White Blood Cell

Back 41

include immune cell

Front 42

define macrophages

Back 42

fixed or wandering destroy invaders

Front 43

define plasma cells

Back 43

fromed from WBC secrete special proteins (antibodies) help attack invaders

Front 44

Fibroblasts

Back 44

lay down protein fibers. collagen is made by fibroblasts. elastin and reticular fibers are also products

Front 45

what type of embryonic connective tissue almost fluid in consistency cells are widely spaced

Back 45

mesenchyme

Front 46

what type of embryonic connective tissue in umbilical cord, jelly-like connective tissue "wharton's jelly"

Back 46

mucous connective tissue

Front 47

Areolar of loose connective tissue

Back 47

most common found in layers supporting skin mucous membranes support and surround organs

Front 48

adipose of loose connective tissue

Back 48

fat found under skin around heart and kidney in yellow bone marrow and forms cushins in joints and eye sockets

Front 49

reticular loose connective tissue

Back 49

loose meshwork of reticular cells, forms stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes and basement membrane

Front 50

type of dense connective tissue "white shiny sheet" made up of collagen fibers in regular bundles with a few fibroblasts found in tendons, ligaments, and sheetlike tendons-aponeuroses dense structure and lack of blood supply
slow to heal

Back 50

dense regular connective tissue

Front 51

type of dense connective tissue has fibroblasts and collagen fibers collagen runs in many different directions found in fascia-which form sheets between muscles found in deeper part of skin, in "peri-" tissues that surround bone, cartilage, and heart

Back 51

dense irregular dense connective tissue

Front 52

type of dense connective tissue made up of many oriented elastic fibers and few scattered fibroblasts
found in lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, and vocal cords ligaments between vertebrae and ligaments of penis

Back 52

elastic dense connective tissue

Front 53

what type of cartilage most abundant shiny bluish-white substance consists of fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes, chonrocytes are enclosed in lacunae

Back 53

hyaline cartilage

Front 54

type of cartilage that collagen fibers are coarser and gathered together into thick bundles, found in pubic symphysis, discs, padding of kness (menisci) and where tendon inserts into cartilage

Back 54

fibrocartilage

Front 55

type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis, external ear, and tubes that connect ear to mouth (eustachian tube)

Back 55

elastic cartilage

Front 56

what type of bone that is complex and regular structure consists of osteons

Back 56

compact bone

Front 57

what type of bone is irregular structure; spikes of mineralized tissue have ample space between for redbone marrow

Back 57

spongy bone

Front 58

what is plasma made of

Back 58

salt wat and proteins

Front 59

describe lymph and what it does

Back 59

filtrate of blood with most of the cells and some protein removed. WBC move around in lymph to guard against invaders

Front 60

what type of membrane lines interface between the body cavities and the outside world. the connective tissue layer of mucous membrane is called lamine propria. example digestive tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract

mucous, serous, cutaneous membranes

Back 60

mucous membrane

Front 61

what type of membrane forms lining between body wall and internal organs example parietal layer, serous fluid, and visceral layer
mucous, serous, cutanerous membranes

Back 61

serous membrane

Front 62

type of membrane that skin covers outside of body
mucous, serous, cutaneous membranes

Back 62

cutaneous membrane

Front 63

what type of membrane lines space between two bones forming a joint. lubricates joints

Back 63

synovial membrane

Front 64

what type of muscle is voluntary and striated. we "choose" to use this muscle. multiple nuclei visible. fused to form a long thin tube of myofiber called syncytium

Back 64

Skeletal muscle

Front 65

what type of muscle is involuntary and striated. Fibers are joined in branches, not parallel. one or two nuclei per fiber

Back 65

cardiac muscle

Front 66

what type of muscle is involuntary and nonstriated. single cells with one nucleus and cytoskeleton is arranged in random fashion so it does not appear striated. example; gut tube is lined with smooth muscle for easy digestion

Back 66

smooth muscle

Front 67

what layer of skin is comprised mostly of dead cells, which have expelled their nucleus and all organelles and have become bags of protein called keratin

choose from;epidermis, dermis, and SubQ

Back 67

epidermis

Front 68

what layer of skin has living layer of tissue under epidermis contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, adn living skin cells. hair roots are in the dermis and some muscle(arrector pili)
choose: epidermis, dermis, and subQ

Back 68

dermis layer

Front 69

what layer of skin has areolar and adipose connective tissue

choose: epidermis, dermis, and subQ

Back 69

subQ layer

Front 70

what are the superficial layers from deepest to superficial

Back 70

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
before signaling get legal counsel

Front 71

what layer of the 5 layers contains a single row of cuboidla and columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered tonofilaments

Back 71

stratum basale

Front 72

what layer of the 5 layers contains 8-10 rows of many-sided keratinocytes with bundles of tonofilaminets armlike processes of melanocytes and langerhan cells

Back 72

stratum spinosum

Front 73

what layer fo the 5 layers contains 3-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes which organelles begin to degenerate. protein keratinocytes converts tonofilaments into keratin and lamellar glanules which release lipid-rich water-repellent secretions

Back 73

stratum granulosum

Front 74

what layer of the 5 layers presents only in fingertips, palms, and soles. 3-5 rows of clear flat dead keratinocytes

Back 74

stratum lucidum

Front 75

what layer of the 5 layers has 25-30 rows of dead flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin

Back 75

stratum corneum

Front 76

keratinocytes are constantly made in the stratum____ and as cells are pushed more superficially they lose their ____ and _____

Back 76

basale. nucleus and organelles

Front 77

thin skin lacks which stratum layer

Back 77

stratum lucidum

Front 78

thick skin is also called

Back 78

Glabrous

Front 79

what are the two regions of the dermis

Back 79

papillary and reticular regions

Front 80

which region of the dermis is 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis and has ridges that penetrate into epidermis and contain blood vessels and sensory structures known as Meissner corpuscles and free nerve ending. it has a tight attachment to the epidermis

Back 80

Papillary region of dermis

Front 81

which region of the dermis is 4/5 of dermis. nerves and blood vessels run through the dermis here and also hair roots and glands.

Back 81

reticular region

Front 82

stretching of connective tissue can cause tears which is called ..

Back 82

striae or stretch marks

Front 83

Pheomelanin skin pigment

Back 83

yellow to red

Front 84

eumelanin skin pigment

Back 84

brown to black

Front 85

What amino acid is melanin made from

Back 85

tyrosine in an organlled called melanosome

Front 86

Name the three skin pigments

Back 86

melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene

Front 87

what pigment has red pigment in blood that gives skin a pinkish cast. little melanin is stored in melanocytes

Back 87

hemoglobin

Front 88

what pigment forms deposits on skin, precursor to vitamin A and is found in intensely colored fruits and veggies

Back 88

cartone

Front 89

what are the four cells types found in epidermis

Back 89

dead keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, and merkel disc

Front 90

Keratins and lipids help make a ..

Back 90

waterproof seal

Front 91

what is the function of epidermis

Back 91

offers protection, but damage does not hurt living tissue

Front 92

what is the function of dermis

Back 92

living tissue but capable of healing, protects against temp changes and dehydration

Front 93

what is the function of subq layer

Back 93

insulation of blood vessels

Front 94

superficial or deep wound?
wounds that do not penetrate the epithelium. dividing cells of stratum basale migrate into wound the normal process of division produces nucleated keratinocytes and these get pushed upward by the newly-divided keratinocytes as they mature to corneocytes

Back 94

superficial wounds

Front 95

superficial or deep wound?
penetrate blood vessel. blood fills the wound then clots into a semi-solid mass. monocytes in clot mature into macrophages. neutrophils and macrophages work to destroy invaders. cells of stratum basale migrate to replace epidermis. fibroblasts lay new fiber

Back 95

deep wounds

Front 96

if sweat glands release fluid to the surface to cool skin by evaporation. blood vessels dilate and shed more heat to the environment. this makes the skin appear pink or red, what is that body trying to do

Back 96

body wants to shed heat

Front 97

head is conserved, sweat glands stop production and blood vessels constrict. blood stays internal to the dermis behind insulated layer of fat. skin may appear pale of blue. what is the body trying to do

Back 97

body is too cold

Front 98

what are the two primary thermoregulatory mechanisms

Back 98

circulation and sweating

Front 99

what common disease of aging skin has dilated blood vessels and pimples around nose and cheeks. no known cause

Back 99

rosacea

Front 100

what do eccrine sweat glands do

Back 100

are needed as effectors in homeostatic loops for thermoregulation. these glands lie in dermis and open to skin surface through a duct. secrete a sweat that in thin dilute solution of salt water, urea, uric aced, ammonia, amino acids, glucose

Front 101

what do apocrine sweat glands do

Back 101

similar to eccrine but more viscous. they don't open to the skin but associated with hair follicles. they are stimulated to release their product during emotional stress and sexual excitement. these sweat glands are developed with puberty. line in subQ layer.

Front 102

what is the visible portion of hair made up of

Back 102

medulla, cortex, and the outside covering or cuticle

Front 103

brown or black color pigment hair is called

Back 103

eumelanin

Front 104

blonde or red color pigment hair is called

Back 104

pheomelanin

Front 105

white or gray occurs when

Back 105

when pigment production is reduced or halted and air bubbles replace pigment

Front 106

what do the Meissner corpuscles and merkel disc sensory receptors do

Back 106

help us perceive light touch

Front 107

what do the free nerve endings do

Back 107

mediate painful sensations

Front 108

the pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle is

Back 108

layered like an onion and responds preferentially to vibration

Front 109

what happens in the first state of the growth cycle of hair

Back 109

growth (anagen) stage: hair matrix cells at base of follicle divide this pushes the hair a little further out of the root. lasts 2-6 years

Front 110

what happens in the second stage of the growth cycle of hair

Back 110

Regression (Catagen) stage: hair matrix stops dividing. lasts 2-3 weeks

Front 111

what happens in the third stage of the growth cycle of hair

Back 111

Resting (telogen) stage: lasts 3 months. hair falls out at the end and is replaced by new hair

Front 112

what degree burn is only epidermis is involved, skin reddens, no permanent damage and skin returns to normal in about 1 week

Back 112

first degree burn

Front 113

what degree burn is heat energy penetrates deeply and both epidermis and dermis is damaged. blood vessels leak fluid and form blisters as skin fill with filtrate blood. hair and glands are not typically damaged

Back 113

second degree burn

Front 114

what degree burn is "full thickness" destroys all layers of skin. cells die and skin function is lost in area. Dead skin may be black, cherry red, or ash white

Back 114

third degree burn

Front 115

what % of surface does an arm have in rule of nines

Back 115

9%

Front 116

what % does the perineum have in rule of nines

Back 116

1%

Front 117

what % does anterior trunk have in rule of nines

Back 117

18%

Front 118

What percent does a thigh have in rule of nines

Back 118

9%

Front 119

what year and who first demonstrated disinfection (noticed from working on cadavers and then delivering babies and the babies getting puerperal fever)

Back 119

1847 Ignatz Semmel