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5 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PCR
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need some starting DNA and two primers; these pieces of DNA, about 20 bases long, will act as starting points for replication, one for each strand. These primers must be picked with care, for only the region between these primers will be amplified. The DNA and primers are placed in an automated temperature chamber, called a thermocycler, that will alternately raise the temperature to denature the DNA, then lower the temperature so that DNA synthesis can take place for as many cycles as the researcher desires. Quick and efficient technique with little starting material needed.
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transgenic mice
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-In order for all cells of a multicellular organism to be transformed, the fertilized egg must be transformed. It is possible in the mouse not only to add new genes but to replace the natural genes, as in yeast.
-In this system, the DNA is first transformed into cultured mouse cells called embryonic stem (ES) cells. These cells can be grown into colonies and tested for the proper insertion of the DNA into the chromosomes (usually by PCR). ES cells are derived from an embryo and are unusual in that they are capable of normal growth if placed back into an embryo. |
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Expression vectors
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we described in the making of antibodies. Many vectors allow for production of both sense and antisense RNA (i.e., coding and complement of coding). Antisense RNA can be used as a probe for any of the hybridization techniques discussed in the last lesson. They are the probe of choice for in situ hybridizations, as RNA:RNA hybrids are more stable than RNA:DNA hybrids, and antisense probes can be washed more stringently to give cleaner results.
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vectors for large inserts
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-YAC chromosomes (Yeast artificial chromosome)
-These vectors are used for cloning very large (600kb) pieces of DNA and are the principal vectors used in the human genome project. -acts like a mini-chromosome |
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ethical implications
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Products released from the market may not be ‘safe’. (i.e. the obesity problem may, in part, be due to hormones from the cattle).
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