Module 6

Front 1

Proprioception

Back 1

The ability to sense the relative position of body parts

Front 2

Sense of body positioning is determined by what three things

Back 2

Vision, balance organs, and proprioception

Front 3

The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions in the body by

Back 3

Sending and receiving information

Front 4

The nervous system is comprised of an enormous number of cells primarily of two types which are

Back 4

Neurons and glial cells

Front 5

Neurons are the ... cells

Back 5

Signaling

Front 6

Glial cells are the... units

Back 6

Supporting

Front 7

The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system and is designed to

Back 7

Transmit information between cells

Front 8

The nervous system can be divided into two major parts

Back 8

Central nervous system. Peripheral nervous system

Front 9

The central nervous system consists of

Back 9

Neurons associated with central processing. The brain and spinal cord

Front 10

The peripheral nervous system consists of neurons associated with

Back 10

Sensory input and motor input

Front 11

The peripheral nervous system functions to connect the

Back 11

Central nervous system to all other parts of the body

Front 12

The peripheral nervous system is located

Back 12

Outside of the brain and spinal cord

Front 13

Information is transmitted between these two systems following this basic pattern

Back 13

Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, and response

Front 14

The peripheral nervous system can be further subdivided into

Back 14

Somatic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. And enteric nervous system

Front 15

Somatic nervous system

Back 15

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

Front 16

Autonomic nervous system

Back 16

Regulates involuntary functions of the organs and smooth muscle tissue

Front 17

The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into

Back 17

Sympathetic system and parasympathetic system

Front 18

Enteric nervous system

Back 18

Semi-independent nervous system. Controls gastrointestinal tract

Front 19

Why is enteric nervous system semi-independent

Back 19

Can run independently or through modulation by the autonomic nervous system

Front 20

What are the for specialized structures of the neuron

Back 20

Cell body or Soma. Dendrites. Axon. Axon terminals

Front 21

Cell body or Soma

Back 21

The portion of the cell that surrounds the nucleus

Front 22

The cell body or Soma plays a major role in

Back 22

Synthesizing proteins

Front 23

Dendrites are

Back 23

Short, branched processes that extend from the cell body

Front 24

Dendrites function to

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Receive information

Front 25

How do dendrites receive information

Back 25

Numerous receptors located in their membranes to bind to chemicals called neurotransmitters

Front 26

The axon is a

Back 26

Large process that extends from the cell body at a point of origin

Front 27

The point of origin that the axon extends from is called

Back 27

Axon hillock

Front 28

The axon functions to

Back 28

Send information

Front 29

The axon contains

Back 29

Microtubules and is surrounded by myelin

Front 30

In the axon microtubules are arranged inside the axon as

Back 30

Parallel arrays of long strands

Front 31

The microtubules inside the axon act as

Back 31

Highways for the movement of material to and from the Soma

Front 32

Anterograde transport

Back 32

Carrying materials from the Soma

Front 33

Retrograde transport

Back 33

Transporting materials back to the Soma

Front 34

Myelin consist of

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Separate cells that coil and wrap their membranes around the outside of the Axon

Front 35

Myelin is essential for

Back 35

Electrical insulation and speed up action potential propagation

Front 36

Axon terminals

Back 36

Once an axon reaches a Target it terminates to multiple endings

Front 37

Axon terminals are designed to

Back 37

Convert the electrical signal into the chemical signals

Front 38

Synaptic transmission

Back 38

Converting the electrical signal into a chemical signal

Front 39

Most neurons are amitotic

Back 39

Means they lose their ability to divide

Front 40

What is the exception to the amitotic rule

Back 40

Olfactory neurons and hippocampal regions of the brain

Front 41

What is the lifespan of an amitotic neuron

Back 41

Near a hundred years

Front 42

Neurons also have exceptionally High metabolic rates which requires them

Back 42

High levels of glucose and oxygen

Front 43

Back 43

Dendrites

Front 44

Back 44

Axon hillock

Front 45

Back 45

Axon terminals

Front 46

Back 46

Axon

Front 47

Back 47

Myelin sheath

Front 48

Back 48

Schwann cell

Front 49

Back 49

Node of ranvier

Front 50

Back 50

Nucleus

Front 51

Back 51

Cell body or Soma

Front 52

Structural classifications of neurons is based upon

Back 52

Number of processes that extend out from the cell body

Front 53

Multipolar

Back 53

Having three or more processes that extend from the cell body

Front 54

Multipolar comprises of more than

Back 54

99% of the neurons in humans

Front 55

What is the major neuron type found in the central nervous system and efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system

Back 55

Multipolar neurons

Front 56

Bipolar neurons

Back 56

Have only two processes that extend in opposite directions from the cell body

Front 57

What are the process is called in a bipolar neuron

Back 57

One called the dendrite the other called an axon

Front 58

Bipolar neurons are found in the

Back 58

Retina of the eye and olfactory system

Front 59

Unipolar neurons

Back 59

Have a single, short process that extends from the cell body and then branches into two more processes that extend into opposite directions

Front 60

In a unipolar neuron the process that extends peripherally is known as the

Back 60

Peripheral process and is associated with sensory reception

Front 61

In a unipolar neuron the process that extends toward the CNS is the

Back 61

Central process

Front 62

Unipolar neurons are found primarily in

Back 62

Afferent division of the pns

Front 63

Back 63

Bipolar neuron

Front 64

Back 64

Unipolar neuron

Front 65

Back 65

Multipolar neuron

Front 66

Neurons are classified functionally according to the

Back 66

Direction in which the signal travels in relation to the CNS

Front 67

Sensory neurons are also known as

Back 67

Afferent neurons

Front 68

Sensory neurons transmit

Back 68

Information from the sensory receptors in the skin or to the internal organs toward the CNS for processing

Front 69

Almost all Sensory neurons are

Back 69

Unipolar

Front 70

Motor neurons are also known as

Back 70

Efferent neurons

Front 71

Motor neurons transmit

Back 71

Info away from the CNS toward some type of effector

Front 72

Motor neurons are typically

Back 72

Multipolar

Front 73

Inter neurons are located

Back 73

Between motor and sensory pathways

Front 74

Interneurons are highly involved in

Back 74

Signal integration

Front 75

The vast majority of interneurons are confined Within

Back 75

The CNS

Front 76

Can glial cells be replaced if they are damaged

Back 76

Yes

Front 77

Glial cells compose half of the volume of the

Back 77

Brain and are more numerous than neurons

Front 78

What are the major types of glial cells in the CNS

Back 78

Astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglial cell

Front 79

Astrocytes have an enormous amount of processes that

Back 79

Wrap around blood vessels and neurons

Front 80

Astrocytes are ideally positioned to

Back 80

Control and modify the extracellular environment around the neurons

Front 81

Most functions of the astrocyte are attributed to

Back 81

Controlling this environment

Front 82

Back 82

Blood vessel

Front 83

Back 83

Epithelium

Front 84

Back 84

Astrocyte

Front 85

Back 85

Soma or cell body

Front 86

Oligodendrocytes primary function

Back 86

To provide and maintain the myelin sheaths around axons

Front 87

Myelin is the

Back 87

Insulating component of the nervous system

Front 88

Myelin allows for

Back 88

Electrical signals to be propagated down one axon without being spread to other axons

Front 89

Node of ranvier

Back 89

Between a trapping there is a small area of exposed Axon

Front 90

Myelin is

Back 90

Wrapping that creates many layers of Highly compressed membranes

Front 91

Saltatory conduction

Back 91

Myelination speeds up the conduction of action potentials down the axon by allowing Action potentials to occur only at the nodes

Front 92

Myelination also in this is the clustering of

Back 92

Voltage gated na channels at the nodes

Front 93

Alicia dendrocytes also play a key role in

Back 93

PH regulation of the CNS

Front 94

What is the most common to myelinating disease of the CNS

Back 94

Multiple sclerosis

Front 95

What is multiple sclerosis

Back 95

An Autumn immune disease that results in the selective destruction of oligodendrocytes resulting in reduction of Milan

Front 96

Back 96

Axon

Front 97

Back 97

Microtubule

Front 98

Back 98

Microfilament

Front 99

Back 99

Myelin sheath

Front 100

Back 100

Node of ranvier

Front 101

Back 101

Nucleus

Front 102

Back 102

Oligodendrocytes

Front 103

Ependymal cell are located

Back 103

Line the cavities of the CNS

Front 104

Ependymal cells are responsible for

Back 104

The production of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 105

Ependymal cells are important barriers between the

Back 105

Cerebral spinal fluid and brain extracellular space

Front 106

Ependymal cells beat there

Back 106

Cilia to help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Front 107

Microglial cells are rapidly activated in the CNA in response to

Back 107

Injury

Front 108

Injury causes microglial cells to

Back 108

Proliferate, change shape, and become phagocytic

Front 109

Microglial cells are very important in presenting

Back 109

Antigens to lymphocytes in response to infection

Front 110

Microglial cells activity is what two neurons

Back 110

Toxic to neurons and can result in long-term damage

Front 111

Back 111

Microglial cell

Front 112

Back 112

Neuron

Front 113

Back 113

Astrocyte

Front 114

Back 114

Oligodendrocytes

Front 115

Back 115

Ependymal cell

Front 116

What is the myelin eating cell of the pns

Back 116

The Schwann cell

Front 117

What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and a Schwann cell

Back 117

Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS and use multiple processes to myelinate multiple segments of an axon. A Schwann cell provides myelin for a single segment of an axon in a pns

Front 118

Satellite cells help regulate

Back 118

The external chemical environment around neurons in the pns

Front 119

Satellite cells are very similar to the

Back 119

Astrocyte of the CNS

Front 120

What is different about a satellite cell than an astrocyte

Back 120

A satellite cell are highly sensitive to injury and inflammation

Front 121

What are the specialized cells in the central nervous system

Back 121

Ependymal cells. Oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes. Microglia

Front 122

What are the specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system

Back 122

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

Front 123

The peripheral nervous system is divided into

Back 123

Sensory and motor divisions

Front 124

The autonomic nervous system is divided into

Back 124

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Front 125

The part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body is called

Back 125

An axon

Front 126

Which cells support and protect the neurons

Back 126

Glial cells

Front 127

Neurons are classified by

Back 127

Function and structure

Front 128

Which nerve tissue cells control most of what enters and exits central nervous system neurons

Back 128

Astrocytes

Front 129

Which cell type is responsible for the formation of myelin within the spinal cord

Back 129

Oligo dendrocytes

Front 130

Which cell act as phagocytes within the central nervous system

Back 130

Microglial cells

Front 131

This cell participates in forming the blood-brain barrier

Back 131

Astrocyte

Front 132

Which glial cell type is most likely to be activated in response to injury

Back 132

Microglia

Front 133

Which nerve will conduct an action potential the fastest

Back 133

Myelinated. Large-diameter nerve

Front 134

Myelin is a

Back 134

Lipid-based material that may be produced in the pns OR CNS

Front 135

How do neurons communicate with other neurons or cells

Back 135

Neurons propagate signals down their axons in the form of action potentials

Front 136

Synaptic transmission

Back 136

The communication that occurs between these cells

Front 137

What are the two types of synapses that are found in neurons

Back 137

Chemical and electrical

Front 138

Chemical synapses

Back 138

Occur when neural membranes are very close together but remain distant leaving a space

Front 139

Presynaptic terminal

Back 139

Part of the synapse that releases the neurotransmitter into the synapse

Front 140

When an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal

Back 140

Voltage-gated calcium channels open which allows for the influx of calcium

Front 141

The newly activated molecules in the presynaptic terminal then induce

Back 141

Exocytosis of the vesicles. Which results in the release of the neurotransmitter

Front 142

The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located in the postsynaptic membrane and

Back 142

Induces a conformational change. Which causes the receptor to act as a pore in the membrane for ions to move through

Front 143

Postsynaptic terminal

Back 143

The part of the synapse that received that neurotransmitter

Front 144

Synaptic cleft

Back 144

The narrow space between the two religions

Front 145

Electrical synapses

Back 145

Occur when membranes are linked together via specialized protein that allows the flow of ions quickly from one cell to another

Front 146

Where are electrical synapses found

Back 146

In heart muscle

Front 147

Esps

Back 147

If the neurotransmitter causes the membrane potential to go towards threshold

Front 148

What does esps stand for

Back 148

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Front 149

Ipsp

Back 149

An inhibitory response take the membrane potential way from threshold

Front 150

What does ipsp stand for

Back 150

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Front 151

Back 151

Epsp

Front 152

Back 152

Ipsp

Front 153

Back 153

Epsp

Front 154

The net effect of all epsp and ipsp is experienced at the

Back 154

Axon hillock

Front 155

The ultimate goal of an epsp is to cause

Back 155

Enough change in the membrane to initiate an action potential

Front 156

The goal of the ipsp is to cause

Back 156

A change in the membrane to prevent an action potential

Front 157

Spatial summation

Back 157

Many a PSPs from multiple synapses can combine at the Soma which results in a much larger voltage change that can exceed threshold and cause an action potential

Front 158

Temporal summation

Back 158

Epsps from the same synapse can also combine if they arrive in Rapid succession

Front 159

Most excitatory synapses in the brain use

Back 159

Glutamate or aspartate as the neurotransmitter

Front 160

Long-term potentiation

Back 160

A very important subset of synapses in the brain includes a group capable of forming Memories by increasing the activity and strength of the synapse

Front 161

Why is nmda receptor unique

Back 161

It is both ligands and voltage regulated

Front 162

What are the main inhibitory neurotransmitters

Back 162

Gaba and glycine

Front 163

Modulatory synapse

Back 163

Those that can be primed by neuromodulators so they are able to respond more powerfully to other inputs

Front 164

What is an example of a neuromodulator

Back 164

Norepinephrine