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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 key organs in blood sugar regulation? |
- Pancreas - Liver -Adrenal glands |
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We are in an emergency need to LOWER blood sugar today. What are 2 big causes of this in America? |
Refined carbs + Over abundance of sugar (140 lbs a year) = high demands of insulin and the pancreas not working properly |
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What are the 4 hormones involved in blood sugar regulation? |
- Insulin - Glucagon - Cortisol - Epinephrine |
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What are the 4 processes in blood sugar regulation? |
- Glycolysis - Gluconeogenesis - Glycogenolysis - Glycogenesis |
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What are 3 products as a result of proper blood sugar regulation? |
- Glucose - Glycogen - ATP |
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Why is insulin crucial for glycogen formation? |
It brings glucose into liver cells that make glycogen, a result of glycogenesis. |
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Where is glycogen stored at? |
1st in the liver Then in the muscles |
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What is different about the glycogen stored in the muscles vs. that stored in the liver? |
Glycogen in the muscles is only used for the muscles. Glycogen in the liver can be used to elevate blood sugar. |
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What type of cells release the hormone insulin? Where are these cells located? |
- Beta Cells of the Pancreas |
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The Alpha cells of the Pancreas produce what hormone? |
Glucagon |
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What are the two processes the liver can use to make glucose out from the hormone glucagon? |
- Glycogenolysis - glucagon triggers the stored glycogen in the liver to be broken down and released into blood vessels for circulation - Gluconeogenesis - signals liver to generate glucose by converting amino acids from our circulation |
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Name 3-4 roles of the liver. |
1) Creates ketones which do not need insulin 2) Converts protein into glucose = gluconeogenesis 3) Predominant organ responding to signals indicating elevated or low blood sugar 4) Produces glucose from glycogen = glycogenolysis 5) Stores glucose as glycogen = glycogenesis |
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Describe the functions of the hormone insulin. |
- stimulates glucose uptake by our muscle and fat cells - increases amount of glycogen (stored) in liver and muscles - increases fatty acid synthesis from excess carbs - decreases fat breakdown and mobilization from fat tissue |
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Describe the functions of the hormone glucagon. |
- helps to maintain blood sugar between meals - stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose to be released - increase fat breakdown from fat tissue - increases gluconeogenesis |
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Describe the functions of the hormone cortisol. |
- released from adrenal cortex when blood sugar levels are low and not sufficient from glucagon - mobilizes proteins from skeletal tissue that is converted in the liver to glucose and increase blood sugar (gluconeogenesis) - replenish glycogen storage (glycogenesis) - stimulates breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) - anti-inflammatory properties |
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Describe the functions of the hormone epinephrine. |
- increases glycogen breakdown in live and skeletal muscle - increases liver glycogen to glucose release into blood - increases fat breakdown and mobilization from fat tissue - Heart rate increases, blood flow to heart, muscles and liver increases and dilates airways by triggering a sympathetic response |
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Describe hypoglycemia |
Low blood sugar Comes from excess consumption of refined carbs + sugar Organs start overcompensating to keep up with demands (Pancreas + adrenals have to work really hard to LIFT glucose levels up) |
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Name 3 concerns clients may have that are linked to hypoglycemia. |
Fatigue Insomnia Depression Slow metabolism & weight issues Endocrine issues Infertility (adrenals produce sex hormones) |
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Tell 3-4 ways the blood expresses hypoglycemia. |
- Craves sweets - irritable if meals are missed - Depends on coffee - Feels light headed if meals are missed - Jittery or shaky - Easily upset, nervous - Memory issues - Blurred vision |
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Describe what happens when someone is insulin resistance |
1) insulin receptor sites get covered with glycated proteins from a Standard American Diet 2) glucose cannot get into the cell 3) brain responds by releasing more insulin 4) blood sugar levels rise |
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What is glycation? |
Sugar is sticking to the proteins of the cell membrane affecting cell membranes ability to receive a signal from insulin. Receptor sites get sticky and are blocked. |
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Name 3-4 causes of insulin resistance. |
1) lack of exercise and movement 2) over eating, chronic snacking 3) eating sugar for pleasure 4) chronic prolonged stress 5) sugar burning metabolizer |
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Name 3-4 signs and symptoms of insulin resistance. |
1) fatigue after meals especially high carb meals 2) craves sweets 3) weight gain and difficult losing weight (everything is being stored) 4) must have desserts after eating |
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Describe glycation. |
Where sugar is attaching to the proteins of the cell membrane affecting the cell membrane ability to receive signal from insulin Proteins attach to each other "cross-linking" and become hard This hardened proteins covers up receptors |
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Describe AGEs as a result of glycation. |
Associated Glycation End Products are proteins damaged by sugar that have cross linked and hardened. This can lead to arteries, organ tissue, joints, and cell membranes to become hard. Joints = arthritis Arteries = inflammation and plaque built up |
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Describe the process of Gluconeogenesis |
- glucagon signals liver to generate glucose by taking amino acids (proteins) from our circulation turning them to glucose |
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Describe the process of Glycogenolysis |
glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose from stored to glucose for circulation in the bloodstream |
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Describe the process of Glycogenesis |
Turns glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle cells |
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Describe a sugar burning metabolizer. |
*sugar metabolizing turns off our fat metabolizing 1) can't effectively access stored fat for energy (skeletal muscle can't convert stored glycogen to glucose) 2) can't effectively access dietary fat for energy 3) depends on "kindling wood" quick burning energy 4) burn through glycogen fairly quickly during exercise |
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Signs and symptoms of a sugar burning metabolizer |
- not able to be satisfied - insistent hunger - impaired beta-oxidation of fat - increased carb cravings and intake - difficulty burning fat for weight loss |
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Describe a fat burning metabolizer |
Normal and preferred method 1) empty glycogen storage through intense exercise 2) refill those stores 3) Burn whatever dietary fat isn't stored 4) easily access and beta oxidize the fat that is stored when needed 5) Burn energy like a big fat log in a fireplace; longer lasting |
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_______________ is a form of energy you were designed to run on. |
glucose |
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Describe the two functions of the double gland organ, the pancreas. |
Endocrine - Secretes insulin and glucagon Exocrine - digestive enzymes + sodium bicarbonate sent to the duodenum through ducts |
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What is the region called where the endocrine cells of the pancreas are located, such as the Beta cells, alpha cells and delta cells? |
Islets of Langerhans |
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What happens when there is an INCREASE in glucose in the bloodstream? |
- The pancreas secretes insulin which stimulates the liver to convert the glucose to glycogen and store it. (glycogenesis) - Muscle fibers convert glucose to glycogen and store it. - If liver + muscle fibers are full, liver converts remaining glucose to triglycerides and cholesterol. |
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What happens when there is LOW glucose in the bloodstream? |
- Pancreas releases glucagon which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose (glycogenolysis) for release into the bloodstream. - Muscle cells convert glycogen back to glucose but only for MUSCLE use. - Triglycerides and cholesterol can be converted into fuel and released into the bloodstream |
