Module 3: Neural And Hormonal Systems (Terms And Vocabulary)

Front 1

Neurons

Back 1

nerve cells; basic building blocks; contains cell body, dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, etc.

Front 2

Dendrite

Back 2

Bushy fibers branching off of cell body that RECEIVE INFORMATION

Front 3

Axon

Back 3

fibers that pass information received to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Front 4

Myelin Sheath

Back 4

layer of fatty tissue insulating axons and some neurons; helps speed up impulses

Front 5

Disease where myelin sheath degenerates? Effects on body?

Back 5

Multiple sclerosis - causes slowing of communication to muscles and eventually loss of muscle control.

Front 6

Speed of neural impulses?

Back 6

2mph to >200mph.

Front 7

milliseconds

Back 7

how we measure brain activity

Front 8

action potential

Back 8

impulse which neuron fires when receiving signals from sense receptors stiumated by pressure, heat, or light, or chemical messages from neighbors; brief electrical charge

Front 9

Chemical-to-electricity Process

Back 9

process by which neurons generate electricity from chemical events; exchange of electrically charged atoms (ions)

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ions

Back 10

electrically charged atoms

Front 11

Fluid INSIDE resting axon has an excess of (+ or -) ions.

Back 11

negative (-)

Front 12

Fluid OUTSIDE resting axon has an excess of (+ or -) ions.

Back 12

positive (+)

Front 13

resting potential

Back 13

positive-outside/negative-inside state which fluid outside axon has more + ions, inside has more - ions.

Front 14

When neuron fires, axon _____ __ ____, letting __ charged sodium ions in, flooding membrane channel.

Back 14

opens its gates, +

Front 15

depolarization

Back 15

happens after neuron fires and positive sodium ions flood inside axon membrane

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depolarization triggers another axon channel to ____.

Back 16

open

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refractory period

Back 17

resting period when neuron pumps + ions back outside to fire again.

Front 18

excitatory signals

Back 18

neuron accelerator; sings telling neuron to speed up

Front 19

inhibitory signals

Back 19

putting brakes on neuron's actions.

Front 20

threshold

Back 20

when excitatory signals - inhibitory signals exceed this intensity; action potential resulting

Front 21

Stronger stimulus (can/cannot) trigger a stronger or faster impulse in a neuron.

Back 21

cannot

Front 22

A neuron fires when threshold of stimulation is reached. This is called an ___ __ _____ response.

Back 22

all-or-none

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synapse

Back 23

junction which information travels from an axon terminal of a neuron to the dendrites (receiving sites) of another neuron

Front 24

synaptic gap

Back 24

gay at synapse

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protoplasmic kisses

Back 25

near unions of neurons when moving across synaptic gap

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neurotransmitters

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chemical messengers released by axon terminal when action potention reaches terminal

Front 27

vesicle

Back 27

sac containing neurotransmitters

Front 28

reuptake

Back 28

the reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the sending neuron

Front 29

True or False?: Some neural pathways only accept certain neurotransmitters.

Back 29

True

Front 30

Acetylcholine

Back 30

Function: Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Undersupply as ACh producing neurons deteriorate causes Alzheimer's disease.

Front 31

Function of Dopamine

Back 31

Movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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Excess of Dopamine

Back 32

schizophrenia

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Undersupply of Dopamine

Back 33

tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease.

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Function of Serotonin

Back 34

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

Front 35

Undersupply of serotonin

Back 35

linked to depression

Front 36

Antidepressant drugs raise levels of ______.

Back 36

serotonin

Front 37

Function of Norepinephrine

Back 37

Control alertness and arousal

Front 38

Undersupply of Norepinephrine

Back 38

Depress mood

Front 39

Function of GABA

Back 39

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Front 40

Undersupply of GABA

Back 40

Seizures, tremors, insomnia

Front 41

Function of Glutamine

Back 41

major excitatory neurotransmitter; memory

Front 42

Oversupply of Glutamine

Back 42

overstimulate brain, causing migranes or seizures

Front 43

Endorphins

Back 43

natural opiates released in response to pain and vigorous excercise

Front 44

Flooding brain with drugs like heroin and morphine will cause brain to ____ production of endorphins.

Back 44

stop

Front 45

Agonists

Back 45

Excite; Similar to neurotransmitter and mimic effects or block reuptake

Front 46

Antagonists

Back 46

inhibit neurotransmitter's release or occupy receptor site and block effects.

Front 47

blood-brain barrier

Back 47

Process which brain fences out unwanted chemicals circulating in blood, making development of drugs difficult.

Front 48

Nervous System

Back 48

Body's primary information system which neurons communicate with other neurons.

Front 49

Central Nervous System

Back 49

brain and spinal cord

Front 50

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 50

links CNS with sense receptors, muscles, glands.

Front 51

nerves

Back 51

neural "cables" bundling many axons; part of PNS; connect CNS with sense organs, muscles, glands

Front 52

sensory neurons

Back 52

neurons that carry incoming info from body tissue and sense receptors -> CNS

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interneurons

Back 53

neurons that enable internal communication in CNS

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motor neurons

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neurons carrying outgoing info from CNS to muscles and glands

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somatic nervous system

Back 55

division of PNS; controls skeletal muscles

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autonomic nervous system

Back 56

part of PNS; controls glands & muscles of internal organs

Front 57

sympathetic nervous system

Back 57

division of auto n.s.; arouses body and mobilize energy in stressful situations

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parasympathetic nervous system

Back 58

division of auto n.s.; calms body and preserves its energy

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reflex

Back 59

simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus

Front 60

neural networks

Back 60

cluster of neurons into work groups

Front 61

endocrine system

Back 61

interconnected with nervous system; body's "slow" chemical communication system; set of glands secrete hormones into bloodstream

Front 62

hormones

Back 62

chemical msngrs secreted by endocrine glands; produced in 1 tussue, affects another.

Front 63

True or False?: Effects of endocrine messages(hormones) last longer than effects of neural message?

Back 63

True

Front 64

Adrenal glands

Back 64

endocrine glands above kidneys; secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine to arouse body during stress.

Front 65

pituitary gland

Back 65

endocrine sys most influential gland; influenced by hypothalamus; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands