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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is dura mater?
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the outermost lining that surrounds the brain; means "tough mother"
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How many bones does the skull have?
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22, 8 cranial & 14 facial; some sources 29 with middle ear bones & hyoid
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What is a suture?
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Fixed immovable joints, synarthrodial joints; exclusive to the skull; not fused at birth which makes babies susceptible to head trauma, fuses when brain fully develops
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List the sutures of the skull
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Sagital- unpaired, sep. 2 parietal bones
Coronal/Frontal- unpaired, sep frontal bone from parietal bones Lambdoidal (paired), sep parietal from occipital Occipitomastoid (paired), sep occipital from mastoid process |
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Describe the skull and its sections
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"cranium/braincase"
-Function: house brain & protect it 1. Calvera or skull cap 2. Floor of the skull: anterior, middle & posterior cranial fossa (spaces) 3. Base of skull ("cella tursika" means Turkish Saddle), where pituitary gland sits) & bony markings- foramen magnum (houses spinal cord), mastoid & styloid process, zygomatic arch (zyg. & temporal bone) |
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List the 8 cranial bones and describe (as on chart)
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1. Frontal (1)
2. Parietal (2) 3. Occipital (1) 4. Temporal (2) 5. Ethmoid (1) 6. Sphenoid (1) |
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List the 14 Facial Bones and describe (as on chart)
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1. Mandible (1)
2. Maxillae (2) 3. Nasal Bones (2) 4. Palatine Bones (2) 5. Lacrimal Bones (2) 6. Zygomatic Bones (2) 7. Inferior Nasal Concha/Turbinates (2) 8. Vomer (1) |
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What 2 bones make up FON & ROM?
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maxillae (palatine process) & palatine bones
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What aspects make up the orbit of the eye?
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2 Orbits:
Supraorbital margin- frontal bone Infraorbital margin- zygomatic & maxilla Lacrimal/ tear glands 3 Fissures & Canals: -superior orbital fissure: motor division to eye -inferior orbital fissure: sensory nerves to muscles of eye -optic canal: optic nerve passes through here, circular hole gives us sight |
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Name the bones of the orbit of the eye counterclockwise starting with maxilla
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6 bones:
-frontal process of maxillae -lacrimal -ethmoid -frontal -sphenoid -zygomatic |
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Describe the aspects of the nasal cavity
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-anterior nasal septum: cartilage (2/3 of nose)
-posterior nasal septum: bone (perp. plate of ethmoid, top & vomer, bottom) -inf., sup. & middle meatus (passages for air, how we breathe) -meatus formed by concha/turbinates, inf., sup. & middle -inf. meatus is passage we use for the endoscope |
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What is the alveolar arch made up of?
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Zygomatic portion of temporal bone & temporal portion of the zygomatic bone
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What Motor Nerve innervates the muscles of Facial Expression?
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Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
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Name the bones of the middle ear (the ossicles)
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Malleus
Incus Stapes |
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What bones make up the 2 orbits of the eye?
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Supraorbital margin- frontal bone
Infraorbital margin- zygomatic & maxilla |
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Describe the 4 pair of sinuses of the skull
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1. Frontal-not present at birth; drain into middle meatus
2. Ethmoid-drain into sup & middle meatus 3. Sphenoid- not present at birth 4. Maxillary- largest; drain into middle meatus; close to teeth, so causes dental pain w/ a sinus infection |
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Describe the 2 ways to describe the cavities of the vocal tract
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1. Larynx, pharynx (oro-, laryngo-,naso-), oral cavity, nasal cavity
2. Buccal (between teeth & cheeks), oral, pharyngeal, paired nasal (leaves out larynx) |
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Describe the pharynx
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-muscular tube extends from base of skull at sphenoid bone to C6, where joins esophagus; 12 cm length; composed of circular and longitudinal muscles that aid in peristalsis (squeezes food/liquids through)
-nasopharynx: most superior, sphenoid bone to soft palate; communicates w/ nasal cavity through choanae -oropharynx- soft palate to base of tongue/hyoid bone; comm. w/oral cavity through post & ant faucial arches -laryngoharynx- hyoid bone to esophagus; a conduit to move air into LRT & food into esophagus |
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What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?
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the port through which the oral cavity communicates with the nasal and pharyngeal cavities
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Describe the aspects of the nose
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prominent organ of the face
2 Lateral Walls: maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic bone + nasal bone, inf. nasal concha, palatine bones Medial Wall: septal cartilage (ant. 2/3), bony septum (perp plate of ethmoid, vomer) Tip(apex) Base Nares (nostrils) Dorsum (lower portion, above tip) Bridge (upper portion, above dorsum) |
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Describe the cartilages of the nose
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-Lateral nasal cartilage (dorsum)
-Major alar cartilage (large portion of nostril) -Minor alar cartilage (lower portion of nostril) -Septal cartilage- sep. R & L halves |
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Describe the muscles of the nose
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1. Procerus- crease when frowning
2. Nasalis- depresses bridge of nose 3. Depressor septi- depresses nasal septum 4. Nasal dilatore- dilates the nostrils |
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What is the function of the nose?
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To warm the air
add humidity filter sense of smell (for those who have had a laryngectomy, they don't have these filters) |
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What are the functions of the mouth?
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Primary: biological- 1. air into Resp. Tract 2. transports food & liquid into digestive tract
Secondary: nonbiological- 1. generation of speech sounds, 2. mediator of facial expression |
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What is ptyalin?
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a powerful enzyme in saliva which aids in the breakdown of food before entering esophagus
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Describe aspects of the lips
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orifice for the mouth
-external: skin -middle:fat -internal: mucous membrane Vermillion Zone- between lips & internal mucous membrane Philtrum- above upper lip Columella- sup. aspect of the philtrum Labial glands- underneath mucous membrane Sup labial frenulum- connects lip to upper jaw Inf labial frenulum- connects lower lip & mandible |
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What is the function of the lips?
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speech and oral cavity pressures; lower more mobile, & faster than upper
most of muscles of facial expression insert into the lips |
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Describe the 4 glands in the cheek
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Major:
1. Parotid- for saliva, bilateral, in front of ear Minor: 2. Submaxillary- below upper jaw 3. Submandibular- below lower jaw 4. Molar- behind last molar |
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What nerves innervates the muscles of mastication?
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Cranial Nerve V
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What is the function of the tongue?
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Taste, chewing, swallowing; most active of the articulators; resonance, valve & noise generator (ie. holding breath)
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Describe the portions of the tongue
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Body- (portion you can see)
-Tip, Blade, Front Base/Root- Back(portion you can't see- epiglottis level); Pharyngeal surface -Back, below soft palate |
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What is the longitudinal medial sulcus
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divides the tongue into left & right
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Describe the aspects of the tongue
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-Foramen cecum- pit at posterior of longitudinal medial sulcus
-Sulcus terminalis- "v-shaped" anterior to foramen cecum -Palatine surface- in front of sulcus terminalis, beneath hard palate, portion you can see -Vallate of circumvallate papillae- ant to foramen cecum; 10 papillae in a "v-shaped" |
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What are the papillae?
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responsible for the sensation of taste
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What is the lingual frenulum?
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the mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the mandible; if its short, it's called "tongue-tied"
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What are the 2 types of tonsils and their function?
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1. Palatine- anterior (always removed), between ant & post faucial arches
2. Lingual- at base of tongue Both are to fight infection |
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Name the layers of the tongue from superficial to deep
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epithelium
corium dermis |
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Name 2 anomalies of the tongue
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1. Macroglossia- very large tongue, ie. Down Syndrome
2. Microglossia- very small tongue, ie. various syndromes |
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What is the TMJ?
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where the mandible & the temporal bone meet; diarthrodial; the joint is lined by a meniscus (articular disc), and is surrounded by an articular capsule
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Name one TMJ ligament
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Tempromandibular ligament
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What is rugae?
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The area in your mouth post. to the alveolar arch- ie. where you burn your mouth when you eat hot pizza
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Define the midline raphe
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post. to the rugae, divides the hard palate into right & left halves (can feel it with your tongue)
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What are the torus (tori sing.)
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bony projections or bony growths on the mandible or maxilla; normal
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Describe the function and aspects of the soft palate
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Function: important to establish normal resonance
muscle & mucous membrane; muscles of soft palate attach into the palatal aponeurosis; the muscles are related to the pharynx; the muscles permit the soft palate to be lowered, raised or tensed; the uvula is a midline pendulus structure located at the tip |
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What is the tonsillar fossa
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the space between the anterior and posterior faucial arches
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Define adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
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tissue that fights infection
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Define the Tonsillar Ring (Waldeyer's ring)
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all tissues that fight infection (lingua, palatine, and adenoids)
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Define pharyngeal aponeurosis
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called "pharyngeal raphe"; the muscular portion of the pharynx is suspended from it
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Name 2 structures that have an aponeurosis
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1. pharynx
2. soft palate |
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What is Passavant's Pad
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sits on post. pharyngeal wall; a pad of tissue in nasopharynx; some have it, some don't; assists soft palate in contracting post. pharyngeal wall
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Where is the lacrimal gland?
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orbital process of the frontal bone
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