Module 20-28

Front 1

Associative Learning

Back 1

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).

Front 2

Cognitive Learning

Back 2

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

Learning to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 4

Behaviorism

Back 4

Theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning. Psychology should be an objective science.

Front 5

Respondent behavior

Back 5

Occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Front 6

Neutral stimulus

Back 6

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Front 7

Unconditioned response

Back 7

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivating) to an unconditioned response (such as food in mouth)

Front 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 8

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

Front 9

Conditioned response

Back 9

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Front 10

Conditioned stimulus

Back 10

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 11

Acquisition

Back 11

1. In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

2. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Front 12

Higher-order conditioning

Back 12

Conditioned stimulus is paired with neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.

Example: animal learned that a tone predicts food. If light predicts tone, an animal may learn to respond to the light alone.

Front 13

Extinction

Back 13

The diminishing of a conditioned response

1. Occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.

2. Occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Front 14

Spontaneous recovery

Back 14

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Front 15

Operant conditioning

Back 15

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 16

Law of effect

Back 16

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Front 17

Operant chamber

Back 17

Skinner box

Front 18

Shaping

Back 18

An operant conditioning procedure I'm which reinforces guide behavior closer and closer toward desired behavior

Front 19

Negative reinforcement

Back 19

In operant conditioning, strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative.

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS NOT PUNISHMENT

Front 20

Primary reinforcer

Back 20

Innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Unlearned. Like getting food when hungry.

Front 21

Conditioned reinforcer

Back 21

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. Like money to get food to solve hunger.

Front 22

6 reinforcement schedules

Back 22

Continuous reinforcement

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Fixed-ratio schedule

Variable-ratio schedule

Fixed-interval schedule

Variable-interval schedule

Front 23

Fixed-ratio schedule

Back 23

Reinforce behavior after set number of responses.

Free drink for every 10 purchased

Front 24

Variable-ratio schedule

Back 24

Provides reinforcement after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses.

Slot machines. Fly fishing.

Front 25

Fixed interval schedule

Back 25

Reinforce the first response after a fixed time period. Animals respond more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near.

Check mail more and more as it gets closer to delivery time.

Front 26

Variable-interval schedule

Back 26

Reinforce the first response after varying time intervals.

Waiting for Facebook notification.

Front 27

Operant behavior

Back 27

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 28

Respondent vs. Operant behavior

Back 28

Respondent: involuntary

Operant: voluntary

Front 29

Cognitive map

Back 29

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Front 30

Latent learning

Back 30

Learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there's incentive to demonstrate it.

Front 31

Intrinsic motivation

Back 31

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Front 32

Extrinsic motivation

Back 32

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment

Front 33

Mirror neurons

Back 33

Frontal lobe neurons that may fire when performing certain tasks or watching others do so. May enable imitation and empathy

Front 34

Recall vs. Recognition

Back 34

Recall: person must retrieve info learned earlier. (fill in the blank test)

Recognition: person must only identify items learned earlier. (multiple choice test)

Front 35

Encoding

Back 35

Gets information into the brain

Front 36

Storage

Back 36

Retain information in memory

Front 37

Short term memory

Back 37

Holds only a few items briefly

Front 38

Long term memory

Back 38

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories

Front 39

Working memory

Back 39

A newer understanding of short term memory: conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

Happens in frontal lobes. Numbers on left side. Visuals on right side.

Front 40

Explicit memory

Back 40

Facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

AKA declarative memory

Front 41

Implicit memory

Back 41

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

AKA non-declarative memory

Front 42

Iconic vs. Echoic memory

Back 42

Iconic: A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Echoic: A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Front 43

Spacing effect

Back 43

Memories stick better if learned over time rather than "cramming"

Front 44

Testing effect

Back 44

Enhanced memory after retrieving

Front 45

Shallow vs. Deep Processing

Back 45

Shallow: basic encoding, such as a word's sound or letters

Deep: semantic encoding, based on a word's meaning.

Front 46

Hippocampus

Back 46

In memory: Temporal lobe neural center, located in the limbic system, is brain equivalent of a save button for explicit memories.

Front 47

Long term potentiation

Back 47

An increase in a cell's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Front 48

Serial position effect

Back 48

Tendency to remember best the first and last words in a list

Front 49

Amnesia: anterograde vs. Retrograde

Back 49

Anterograde: can't form new memories

Retrograde: can't remember the past

Front 50

Proactive interference

Back 50

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the retrieval of new information.

If you buy a lock, knowledge of an old combination interferes with the memory of the new combination.

Front 51

Retroactive interference

Back 51

The disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

If someone sings new lyrics to an old song, you may have trouble remembering the original lyrics.

Front 52

Positive transfer

Back 52

Old memory helps new memories.

Knowing Latin helps learn French

Front 53

3 ways we forget

Back 53

Encoding failure (never formed memory)

Storage decay (info fades)

Retrieval failure (due to interference or motivated forgetting)

Front 54

Source amnesia

Back 54

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. This is at the heart of many false memories

Front 55

Algorithm

Back 55

Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem

Look at every item in the store to find what you need

Front 56

Heuristic

Back 56

Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements more quickly.

Seek item in store based on labelled aisles

Front 57

Insight

Back 57

A sudden realization of a problem's solution. Contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Occurs in the right temporal lobe, just above ear

Front 58

Mental set

Back 58

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Set in your ways

Front 59

Availability heuristic

Back 59

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. If instances readily come to mind, we presume such events are common.

Front 60

Perceptual set

Back 60

Predisposes what we perceive.

Front 61

Phoneme

Back 61

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Front 62

Morphemes

Back 62

In language, the smallest units that carry meaning. Some are also phonemes. Such as I or a.

Front 63

Aphasia

Back 63

Impairment of language, usury caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Front 64

Broca's area

Back 64

Left hemisphere of frontal lobe. Controls language and expression. Directs muscle movements involved in speech.

Front 65

Wernicke's area

Back 65

Controls language comprehension, reception, and expression. Left temporal lobe.

Front 66

Linguistic determination

Back 66

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Hopi have no language for the past, and cannot readily think about the past.