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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Net movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium
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Diffusion
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What is the difference between high and low concentration called?
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concentration gradient
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What is diffusion of water across a permeable membrane
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Osmosis
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The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient from low to high concentration.(linkage of 2 phosphate groups to nucleotide; release of phosphate group releases energy for cellular work)
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ATP(Active Transport)
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separates cell content from extracellular fluid
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cell membrane(plasma membrane)
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Where doe's synthesize of RNA & Assembly of ribosomes sub-units(control center for cellular operations)
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Nucleus
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internal structures that perform essential functions to normal cell structure maintenance, metabolism
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organelles
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fluid material inside the cell from plasma membrane to nucleus, distributes materials by diffusion
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Cytosol
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network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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manufactures proteins
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ribosomes
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What sorts,modify, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
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Golgi apparatus
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What absorbs and breaks down fatty acids, neutralize toxic compounds generated in the process
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peroixsome
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what removes damaged organelles or pathogens within a cell
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Lysosomes
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what moves chromosomes during cell division
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centrioles
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what is the framework of microtubules and microfilaments in the cytoplasm
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cytoskeleton
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when a solute has equal concentration with no net movement
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Isotonic
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when comparing 2 solutions; the solution with higher solute or osmotic concentration (NaCl greater than 0.9%) Cell shrinks crenates
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Hypertonic
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when comparing 2 solutions the solution with the lower solute or osmotic concentration (NaCl is less than 0.9%) Cell expands Lyse
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Hypotonic
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when a material dissolves into a solution
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solute
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a material which the solute has dissolved
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solvent
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when a cell expands(water enters) it is referred to as
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Lyse
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when a cell shrinks(water leaves) it is referred to as
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crenates
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water retention in the bowel from accumulation of non-absorbable water soluble substances
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osmotic diarrhea
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what maintains physical isolation of a cell
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phospholipids bilayers
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what is the fluid inside a cell
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
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what is the fluid outside a cell
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)
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transport of a substance across a cell membrane without any energy expenditure
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passive transport
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destruction or dissolution of red blood cells, with subsequent release of hemoglobin.
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hemolysis
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process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.
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endocytosis
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process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell.
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exocytosis
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engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes.
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phagocytosis
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mechanism of active transport that moves potassium ions K+ into and sodium ions Na- out of a cell.
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sodium-potassium pump
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liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body
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interstitial fluid
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membrane enclosed sacs which store and transport substances to and from one cell to another and from one part of a cell to another
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vesicles
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what is the net movement of a substance in passive transport
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High to low
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what is the net movement of a substance in active transport
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low to high
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what are 6 functions of water in the human body
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temperature reduction , protection, lubricant, solvent ,reactant, transport
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what is the control center of a cell
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Nucleus
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what proteins protrude all the way through a cell
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Integral protein
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Proteins that do not go all the way through a cell
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peripheral protein
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what controls much of the permeability/impermeability of a cell
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Cholesterol
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acts as Id tag ( identify cell information, protrudes to outside of cell
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Glycocalyx
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separation of solute/solvent based on size, by water pressure/blood pressure.
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Filtration
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stores and processes genetic information
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Nucleus
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synthesizes RNA and assembles ribosomes subunits
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Nucleolus
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dbl membranes with inner folds and enclosing metabolic enzymes, produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell
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mitochondria
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what synthesizes proteins
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Ribiosomes
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What increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials
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microvilli
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moves material over cells surface
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cillia
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What provides isolation, protection, sensitivity and support and controls entrance/exit of materials
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plasma membrane
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what distributes materials by diffusion
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cytosol
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the smallest living thing in the human body
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Cell
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the fluid inside a cell around the nucleus
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cytoplasm
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stores instructions for protein synthesis(2 chains of nucleotides wound in a dbl helix) and is a deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA
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the functional unit in heredity, consists of all the triplets needed to produce a specific protein
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gene
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where is DNA located
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chromosomes
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a human cell of the body contain how many pair of chromosomes
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23 pair
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a copy of the information contained in a gene
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mRNA
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What delivers amino acids that will be used by the ribosomes to assemble a protein
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tRNA
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What is a copy of the genetic information in the nucleus so that one set of chromosomes can be given to each of the cells produced
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DNA replication
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permanent change in a cells DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes
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mutation
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small portion of a single DNA molecule containing a single gene available for transcription
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transcription
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what happens when mRNA diffuses into cytoplasm and interacts with the ribosomes
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translation
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The 3 basic subunits consisting of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases are?
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nucleotide
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Performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA
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RNA
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the pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a membrane
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osmotic pressure
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a biological chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose and nitrogenous bases.
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RNA
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assembles the ribosomals into functional subunits ribosomes
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rRNA
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what membrane covers most of the body
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cutaneous membrane
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What membrane lines the cavities that connect to the exterior of the body
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mucous membrane
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what type of membrane line the sealed internal subdivision of ventricular body cavities (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
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serous membrane
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fluid in joints to help with lubrication and smooth movement
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synovial membrane
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what are the two layers of skin
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stratified squamous epithelium(papillary layer), dense connective tissue(reticular layer)
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distinguish between1st, 2nd, 3rd degree burns
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1st-kills the superficial cell layer of the epidermis and damages deeper layers of the epidermis and papillary dermis
2nd- mimics 1st plus blistering. 3rd- blackened/gray-white/cherry red in color;edema in area, not pain full. |
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what layers does the dermis consist of
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papillary layer and the reticular
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what layer contains the blood vessels, sensory nerves and lymphatic vessels
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papillary layer
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what layer consists of collagen and elastic fibers
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reticular layer
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what are the four main functions of the integumentary system
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protection, temp maintenance, sensory reception, excretion, secretion, synthesis & storage of nutrients
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what layer has large amounts of keratinized cells
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stratum corneum
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what layer makes large amounts of protein keratin
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stratum granulosum
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what is a orange-yellowish color of the epidermal cells
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carotene
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what is a brown, yellow-brown, black color of the epidermal cells
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melanin
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what does melanin help prevent
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ultraviolet radiation
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what are these? adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), thymine(T), (uracil(U) both DNA and RNA) (RNA uracil only) (DNA thymine only)
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nitrogenous bases
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what tissue is a storage of reserved energy, defense of the body, transportation of the body
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connective tissue
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what tissue has protein fibers, ground substance, matrix, blood vessels, never expose to the out side of the body
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connective tissue
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what tissue provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation,produce specialized secretions
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epithelium tissue
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what tissue has flat,cubed,column shapes, can be a single layer (simple)or 2 layer(stratified)
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epithelium tissue
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What tissue line the internal passage ways of body that communicate with outside world
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epithelium tissue
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what tissue is responsible for contraction, movement of skeleton framework, circulation of blood, moves food, urine reproductive in their specific tracts
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muscle tissue
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This tissue can be found in blood vessels, heart, respiratory,digestive, reproductive organs
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muscle tissue
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what tissue conducts electrical impulses to communicates with other cells
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nervous tissue
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contains a cell body dendrites, axon, neuroglia, synaptic terminals
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nervous tissue
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what tissue can be found in the brain or spinal cord
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nervous tissue
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how many cycles are there in a cells life
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there are 3 - interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
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division of the daughter cells
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cytokinesis
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in a cells life what stage will it spend most of its time
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interphase
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Control and exchange with cell surroundings
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Proteins
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Where are fluids absorbed
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G.I. tract
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Name of the 3 base RNA sequence code for amino acids
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Codon
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cell drinking transporter, small molecules
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Pintocytosis
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Nuclear cell division
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Mitosis
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