Module 2-4

Front 1

What are three components of computer systems?

Back 1

processors, memory (or storage) and wires (networks)

Front 2

These devices allow interaction between the computer and the user(s), e.g., keyboards, monitors, mice, etc.

Back 2

Peripheral devices

Front 3

The speed of a processor is measured in ?

Back 3

Hertz or cycles per second

Front 4

Memory capacity is measured in ?

Back 4

bytes

Front 5

The speed of a network (throughput) is measured in ?

Back 5

bps (bits per second)

Front 6

In general, storage capacity is measured in powers of ?

Back 6

2

Front 7

Networking speeds are measured in powers of ?

Back 7

10

Front 8

The theory/observation that transistor density doubles every 18 to 24 months.

Back 8

Moore's Law

Front 9

_________ provides the physical mechanisms for input, processing (manipulation), and output (including storage) of data.

Back 9

Hardware

Front 10

What are the two types of hardware devices?

Back 10

external and internal

Front 11

Some examples of external hardware devices include:

Back 11

Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Plotter

*Note: Keyboard and mouse are input devices, while the monitor, printer and plotter are for output

Front 12

The _____ is where the instructions that make up programs or software are executed.

Back 12

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Front 13

______ is where instructions and data are stored during processing.

Back 13

Main Memory or Random Access Memory (RAM)

Front 14

T/F: RAM is non-volatile storage.

Back 14

False

Front 15

_______ is where programs and data are stored until needed.

Back 15

Hard (disk) drive

Front 16

T/F: A hard (disk) drive is non-volatile storage.

Back 16

True

Front 17

________ consists of instructions made up of 1s and 0s that are in files on non-volatile storage, usually the hard disk.

Back 17

Software

Front 18

Software instructions are loaded into _____ and then fetched to the CPU, where they are executed.

Back 18

RAM

Front 19

Software can be classified as __________ & ___________ software.

Back 19

system software and application software

Front 20

This type of software consists of the operating system (OS) and utilities.

Back 20

System Software

Front 21

The Operating System (OS) does at least the following:

Back 21

- Helps manage files
- Loads and executes programs
- Provides and interface to the user to access other necessary functions

Front 22

___________ include software that are not part of the OS but often are required to build applications that interact with the OS.

Back 22

Utilities

Front 23

_________ translate readable high-level computer languages into the unreadable 1's and 0's that are executed by he CPU.

Back 23

Compilers

Front 24

The most important utilities include:

Back 24

Compilers, editors, assemblers, interpreters, disassemblers, debuggers

Front 25

____________ software includes the popular Microsoft Office products -- Word, PowerPoint or Excel; web browsers, iTunes, games,etc.

Back 25

Application

Front 26

Programmers who write applications interact with the OS though its _____________________.

Back 26

Application Programming Interface (API)

Front 27

____________________ provides the services the application needs like opening files, sending information across the network, keeping track of dates and times, etc.

Back 27

Application Programming Interface (API)

Front 28

Computer standards consist of ___________ & _____________.

Back 28

Formats and Protocols

Front 29

___________ are rules that describe how a computer communicates with another computer or I/O device, or how programs will communicate with each other.

Back 29

Protocols

Front 30

An Internet protocol that guides communications between Web servers and Web browsers.

Back 30

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Front 31

This Internet protocol guides communications between email servers.

Back 31

Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)

Front 32

This Internet protocol is used to transfer files from/to an FTP client and FTP server.

Back 32

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Front 33

________ are special purpose interpretations of bit patterns.

Back 33

Formats

Front 34

____________ is a format to store positive and negative integers.

Back 34

2's complement

Front 35

__________ is a format used to store alphanumeric characters, punctuation, and other control characters to print or process text.

Back 35

American Standard Code for Information Exchange (ASCII)

Front 36

Defines the transmission & processing of digital video images.

Back 36

MPEG-2

Front 37

A standard audio format.

Back 37

MP3

Front 38

_____________ is used to describe the pages a web server sends to a web browser.

Back 38

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

Front 39

Many of the Internet protocols have specific formats that are described in their _______________.

Back 39

RFC (Request for Comment)

Front 40

The __________ architecture, the Stored Program concept, uses memory for both instructions (code, a program) and data.

Back 40

Von Neumann

Front 41

The LMC (Little Man Computer) contains a ___________, _____________, and __________ for input and output.

Back 41

processor (CPU), memory (RAM), and peripherals

Front 42

Within the LMC model, ___________ have the same purpose as Main Memory (RAM) in a real computer.

Back 42

Mailboxes

Front 43

Within the LMC model, there are ____ mailboxes, number __ - ___.

Back 43

100 mailboxes, numbered 0-99

Front 44

Within the LMC model, each mailbox can hold a __-digit decimal number, which represent either instructions or the data used by the instruction.

Back 44

3

Front 45

Within the LMC model, the _________ corresponds to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in a real computer.

Back 45

Calculator

Front 46

A _________ is a storage location in the CPU large enough to hold the largest value brought from memory in a single fetch.

Back 46

register

Front 47

T/F: The LMC calculator contains a special purpose register called the accumulator and is used to execute addition and subtraction instructions, as well as for input and output.

Back 47

False, the accumulator is a general purpose register

Front 48

Within the LMC model, the ______ corresponds to an input device like a keyboard attached to a real computer. It holds the input for the LMC.

Back 48

In-basket

Front 49

The contents of the In-basket will be read into the accumulator when the LMC excutes an _____ instruction.

Back 49

INP (input)

Front 50

Within the LMC model, the _______ corresponds to an output device like a monitor or printer attached to a real computer.

Back 50

Out-basket

Front 51

The Out-basket will contain the value in the accumulator register when the LMC executes an ______ instruction.

Back 51

OUT (output)

Front 52

The ______________ is the name for the special purpose register usually called the Program Counter (PC) used in all real computers.

Back 52

Instruction Location Counter

Front 53

The ______________ points to the mailbox (memory) of the instruction currently executing or to the location of the next instruction that the LMC will fetch (read) and execute.

Back 53

Instruction Location Counter

Front 54

The _______ ______ will reset the Instruction Location Counter or PC to zero, the first mailbox or location in the LMC memory.

Back 54

Reset button

Front 55

The ______ _____ corresponds to the Control Unit (CU) in a real computer.

Back 55

Little Man

Front 56

The Little Man fetches the next instruction pointed to by the Instruction Location Counter or PC or data to put into the ___________ register in the Calculator or ALU.

Back 56

accumulator

Front 57

The 3-digit number in a mailbox represents an ___________, also referred to as an operation, or data.

Back 57

instruction

Front 58

The first digit in a 3-digit instruction code in a mailbox is the _______.

Back 58

Opcode

Front 59

The last two digits in a 3-digit instruction found in a mailbox typically represents what?

Back 59

a mailbox address

Front 60

In the LMC, this instruction causes the value in the In-basket to be moved to the accumulator.

Back 60

901 or INP (input)

Front 61

In the LMC, this instruction causes the value in the Calculator's accumulator to be written to the Out-basket.

Back 61

902 or OUT

Front 62

In the LMC, this instruction is the reverse of the Load instruction.

Back 62

3xx or STA (STO)

Front 63

In the LMC, this instruction copies the content of the mailbox specified and puts it into the accumulator.

Back 63

5xx or LDA

Front 64

T/F: In the Out-basket, any value is overwritten when a new value is placed there.

Back 64

True

Front 65

In the LMC, this instruction will cause the value in the specified mailbox to be added to the current value in the accumulator.

Back 65

1xx or ADD

Front 66

In the LMC, this instruction causes the value in the specified mailbox to be subtracted from the value in the Calculator's accumulator and the result overwrites the number subtracted from.

Back 66

2xx or SUB

Front 67

LMC programs always start at Mailbox ___.

Back 67

00

Front 68

When the reset button is pressed, Mailbox 00 is placed in the ______________.

Back 68

Instruction Location Counter or PC

Front 69

What are three LMC supported instructions for comparison and branching?

Back 69

BRA, BRZ, BRP

Front 70

In the LMC, this instruction changes which instruction will be executed next by changing the Program Counter to the mailbox specified.

Back 70

6xx or BRA

Front 71

In the LMC, this instruction changes which instruction will be executed next but ONLY if the value in the accumulator is zero.

Back 71

7xx or BRZ (Branch on Zero)

Front 72

In the LMC, this instruction changes which instruction will be executed next when the value in the accumulator is zero or greater.

Back 72

8xx or BRP (Branch on Zero or Positive)

Front 73

The __________ _____ refers to steps that the processor performs in order to execute the instruction stored in the mailbox at the current Instruction Location Counter or PC.

Back 73

instruction cycle

Front 74

The instruction cycle for the LMC is broken up into two parts, ______ & _______.

Back 74

Fetch & Execute

Front 75

The ______ portion is where the Little Man finds out what instruction to execute and grabs it from memory (mailboxes).

Back 75

Fetch

Front 76

The _______ portion is where the Little Man performs the task specified by the instruction.

Back 76

Execute

Front 77

The five components of a computer are:

Back 77

input, output, memory, datapath, control

Front 78

__________ and __________ are implemented in the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Back 78

Datapath and control

Front 79

Datapath consists of one or more __________ _________ ______, which execute instructions on data in storage locations called registers.

Back 79

Arithmetic Logic Units

Front 80

The datapath implements __________ registers to fetch instructions and data from memory.

Back 80

special purpose

Front 81

The special purpose registers are called:

Back 81

- Memory Access Register (MAR)
- Memory Data Register (MDR)
- Program Counter (PC)

Front 82

Part of the datapath where calculations take place.

Back 82

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Front 83

Controls and interprets the execution of instructions.

Back 83

Control Unit (CU)

Front 84

A storage location within the CPU.

Back 84

Register

Front 85

A ______________ is used to hold a bit pattern representing a memory address location or data for manipulation during the execution of an instruction.

Back 85

general purpose register

Front 86

A ________________ is wired within the CPU to perform specific roles, unlike memory where every location is like every other one.

Back 86

Special purpose register

Front 87

________ holds the address of the current instruction being executed.

Back 87

Program Counter (PC)

Front 88

_________ holds the actual instruction being executed; part of the control unit.

Back 88

Instruction Register (IR)

Front 89

Each bit in a status register stands for the presence or absence of a condition of the processor.

Back 89

Program Status Register

Front 90

________ is where instructions execute and data is stored.

Back 90

Memory

Front 91

____________ is the attribute of a CPU that indicates whether integers are represented from left (low) to right (high) or right (high) to left (low).

Back 91

Endianness

Front 92

In ____ endian, numbers are represented with the most significant byte on the left (lowest byte address) side.

Back 92

big

Front 93

In ____ endian, numbers are represented with the most significant byte on the right (highest byte address) side.

Back 93

little

Front 94

Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) are big or little endian machines?

Back 94

little

Front 95

Reduced Instruction Set Computers are big or little endian machines?

Back 95

big

Front 96

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
IR(ADDR) --> MAR
A + MDR --> A
PC + 1 --> PC

Back 96

ADD :: 1xx

Front 97

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
IR(ADDR) --> MAR
A - MDR --> A
PC + 1 --> PC

Back 97

SUB :: 2xx

Front 98

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
IR(ADDR) --> MAR
A --> MDR
PC + 1 --> PC

Back 98

STA (STO) :: 3xx

Front 99

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
IR(ADDR) --> MAR
MDR --> A
PC + 1 --> PC

Back 99

LDA :: 5xx

Front 100

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
IR(ADDR) --> MAR

Back 100

BRA :: 6xx

Front 101

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
If A == 0 : IR[ADDR] --> PC
Else : PC + 1 --> PC

Back 101

BRZ :: 7xx

Front 102

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
If A >= 0 : IR[ADDR] --> PC
Else : PC + 1 --> PC

Back 102

BRP :: 8xx

Front 103

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
INBOX --> A
PC + 1 --> PC

Back 103

INP :: 901

Front 104

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
A --> OUTBOX
PC + 1 --> PC

Back 104

OUT :: 902

Front 105

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
HALT

Back 105

HLT :: 000

Front 106

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
STACK --> PC

Back 106

RETURN

Front 107

The following steps represent which Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

PC --> MAR
MDR --> IR
PC + 1 --> STACK
IR[ADDR] --> PC

Back 107

CALL / PUSH

Front 108

Are CISC instructions fixed or variable length?

Back 108

Variable

Front 109

Are RISC instructions fixed or variable length?

Back 109

Fixed

Front 110

________ moves the data bits left or right one or more bits.

Back 110

Shift

Front 111

_________ rotates the data bits left or right one or more bits, and the bit that is shifted out of the end is placed into the vacated space at the other end.

Back 111

Rotate

Front 112

_______ & ________ instructions allow the program to branch to subroutines.

Back 112

Call & Return

Front 113

The ______ instruction enables program modularization.

Back 113

Call

Front 114

The ______ is used to store data when the most recently used data is the first needed, also referred to as LIFO (last in first out).

Back 114

stack

Front 115

_______ and _______ are two instructions used to add and remove values to/from a stack.

Back 115

PUSH & POP

Front 116

What are four characteristics of a RISC system?

Back 116

- Instructions should only operate on registers
- Instructions should be a fixed size
- Nearly all registers should be general purpose
- Addressing modes should be few

Front 117

What are four characteristics of a CISC system?

Back 117

- Instructions operate on both registers and memory
- Instructions are variable in length
- Most registers are dedicated to a special purpose
- There are more addressing modes

Front 118

What are two examples of how RISC has triumphed over CISC?

Back 118

- For hardware, simpler is faster
- Regularity benefits greatly

Front 119

In the x86 CPUs, there were how many general-purpose registers?

Back 119

Four
ax: arithmetic
bx: base address pointer
cx: counter
dx: other/more arithmetic

Front 120

How many segment registers did the x86 CPUs have?

Back 120

Four
cs: code segment
ds: data segment
es: extra data segment
ss: stack segment

Front 121

How many specialized registers did the x86 computers have?

Back 121

Four
bp: base pointer
sp: stack pointer
si: source index
di: destination index

Front 122

The 80386 introduced two additional segment registers. What were they called and what was their purpose?

Back 122

FS: Used for data
GS: Used for data

Front 123

How many registers did the first x86 CPUs have and what were they used for?

Back 123

13 (4 - general purpose, 4 - specialized, 4 - segment, and a flag register)

Front 124

Does a CISC or RISC have more instructions?

Back 124

CISC

Front 125

Does a CISC or RISC have more addressing modes?

Back 125

CISC

Front 126

The segment register and another register holding a logical address combine to determine the _________ _________ in real mode.

Back 126

physical address

Front 127

___________________ was responsible for allowing multitasking, virtual storage, memory management which isolates the operating system and running tasks, and provides efficient task switching.

Back 127

Protected Mode

Front 128

This mode, added with the 80386, allows the operating system to run multiple 8086 tasks at once.

Back 128

Virtual 8086 Mode