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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diffusion
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tendency of ions or molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration along the concentration gradient
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Osmolarity
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number of solute particles dissolved in 1kg of water
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Dialysis
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the separation of crystalloids from colloids in a solution by diffusion through a membrane.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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sense that reports on angular acceleration or deceleration of the head in space
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Gradient
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a curve representing such a rate of change.
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Osmosis
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diffusion of a solvant such as water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Selectively Permeable Membrane
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membrane that allows certain substances to pass through while restricting movement of others
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Hypertonic
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excessive, above normal, tone or tension
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Hypotonic
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below normal tone or tension
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Isotonic
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solutions with the same concentration "same tonicity"
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Active Transport
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Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive transport process used by certain molecules such as glucose and other simple sugars too large to pass through plasma membrane pores
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Endocytosis
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by which fairly large extracelluar molecules or particles enter cells
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Exocytosis
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mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracelluar space while a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
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Pinocytosis
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engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells
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Phagocytosis
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engulfing of foreign solids by cells
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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depiction of the structure of the membranes of a cell as phosolipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed
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Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane
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Plasma membrane seperates two of the bodies major fluid compartments intracelluar fluid within a cell and extracellular fluid out cells
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Plasma membrane an the fluid mosaic model
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composed of a bilayer of lipid molecules with protein molecules plugged into or despersed in it, the proteins many of which float in the fluid lipid bilayer for a constantly changing mosaic pattern
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Plasma membrane and membrane proteins
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make up half the plasma membrane and are responsible for most the specialized membrane functions
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Membrane proteins and their function
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integral porteins are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer and have both hypodrophic and hydrophilic regions whereas peripheral proteins attach rather loosely only to integral proteins and are easily removed
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Transmembrane proteins
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span the entire width of the membrane and protrude on both sides
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Organelle
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Small cellualr structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, and others) that perform specific metabolic functions for a cell as a whole
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Cytoplasm
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cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane
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Plasma Membrane
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composed of phosolipids, cholesterol, and proteins that encloses cell contents
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Nucleus
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control center of cells, sent out to produce proteins, largest membrane
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Cell
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structural unit of all living things
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lysosomes function
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site of intracellular digestion
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peroxisomes function
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the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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cilia function
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propels substances across the membrane with its coordinated movement
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flagella function
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propels the cell
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nucleolus function
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produces ribosomes
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nucleus function
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control center of cells responsible for transmitting genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis
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nuclear envelope function
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seperates neuroplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus
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centrioles function
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organize microtuble network during mitosis to form spindle and asters and also form the base of cilia and flagella
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mitochondria function
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site of atp synthesis; powerhouse of the cell
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ribosomes function
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site of protein synthesis
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endoplasmic reticulum function
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is continuous with the nuclear membrane and accounts for about half the cells membranes
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golgi aparatus function
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packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secrection from the cell
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vesicles function
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migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and then rupture spilling the sac contents out of the cell
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vacuoles function
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serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions
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chromatin
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structures in the nucleus that carry the heredity factors (genes)
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chromosomes
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barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatic
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complementary base pairing
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ATGA on one DNA nucleotide strand would necessarily be bonded TACT (A with T, C with G)
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DNA
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(deoxyribonucleic acid) a nucleic acid that carries an organisms heredity
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RNA
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(ribonucleic acid) nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A,G,C, and U. also carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis
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DNA replication
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process that occurs before cell division, ensures all daughter cells have identical genes
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Gene
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biological units of heredity located in chromatin
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Mutation
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change in base DNA sequence that may lead to incorporation of amino acids
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Nitrogenous base
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three of these code for one amino acid
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Nucleic Acid
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class of organic molecules that inlcudes DNA and RNA
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Nucleotide
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building blocks of nucleic acids (contain a sugar, ntrogen base, phosphate group)
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Template
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old DNA strand
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Four major tissue types:
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epithelial, nervous, muscle, and connective
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function of epithelial tissue
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covers body surface or lines a body cavity, and forms the outer layer of the skin
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Simple epithelial
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has only a single layer attached to the basement membrane
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Pseudostratified
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simple epithelium which appears to be stratified
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stratified
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consists of multiple layers of cells in which only the basal layer is attached to the basement membrane
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Active Transport
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the cell uses energy and moves low to high
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Passive Transport
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the cell DOES NOT require energy and moves high to low
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two main types of passive transports
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diffusion and filteration
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example of active transport
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sodium potassium pump
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solute
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material that has dissolved into the solevent
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solevant
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a material into which a solute has dissolved ex) water, alcohol
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properties of a solution (4)
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always clear, may or may not have color, homogenous, does not settle (seperate)
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ICF
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intra cellular fluid (fluid within a cell)
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ECF
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extra cellular fluid (internal fluid located outside the cell)
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Osmosis vs. osmotic pressure
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osmosis is diffusion of a solevent through permeable membrane and osmotic pressure is caused by osmosis and causes no further water entry
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DNA nucleotides
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3 components sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base 4 bases cytosine, guanine, and thymine
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RNA nucleotides
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3 types messenger, transfer and ribosomal all three forms act together to carry out dna's instructions
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DNA & RNA (same)
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both deal with neucleic acids, all types of RNA are formed on the DNA
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DNA replication
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dna helic sperates and one of its strands serves as a template for synthesizing a complementary RNA strand. once formed RNA molecule is released from DNA template and migrates to cytoplasma, then DNA recoils into its helix inactive form
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importance of dna replication
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mRNA is decodes and used to assemble polypeptides
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Interphase
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growth of the cell, duplication of organelles, replication of DNA
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Miotic process
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chromosomes already duplicated, chromosomes coil, centrioles move toward opposite end
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Cancer cells
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divide when they should not, have capacity to invade surrounding tissue, have capacity to metastaize (moves to another part of the body)
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Genetic code
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refers to the the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures
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Transcriptions
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major step in transfer of gentic code information from a dna base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule
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Translation
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information carried by the mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypetides
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Translation
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information carried by the mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypetides
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Translation
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information carried by the mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypetides
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