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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Abdominal |
Spinal flexion and rotation, visceral organ support |
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Abduction |
Movement, in the frontal plane where the arms or legs move away from the body |
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Actin/myosin |
The two primary contractile proteins that form the sarcomere of a muscle fiber |
Terminating at a neuromuscular |
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Action potential |
Nerve impulse, transmitted down the axon of a nerve cell |
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Active stretching |
Muscles are stretched by the contraction of the opposing muscle |
Prior to a workout, after a warm up |
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Addiction |
Movement, the frontal plane where the arms or legs move closer to the body |
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Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) |
The fundamental energy unit found in nature |
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Aerobic |
Living or occurring within the presence of oxygen |
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Aerobic glycolysis |
A metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate |
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Alveoli |
Tiny sacks of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood |
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Anabolism |
Constructive metabolism: the process of building up large molecules from smaller ones |
Energy input |
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Anaerobic |
Living or occurring without oxygen |
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Anatomical position |
Standing, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing |
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Anterior |
Toward the front of the body |
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Asthma |
Chronic allergic disorder that cause breathing difficulties, coughing, wheezing |
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ATP-PC System |
Immediate source of ATP |
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Atrophy |
Decrease in muscle mass |
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Axis of rotation |
The point around which rotation occurs |
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Balance threshold |
Ability to maintain stabilization outside the normal base of support |
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Beta oxidation |
Reaction that converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle |
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Biceps |
Elbow flexion |
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Bioenergetics |
The study of energy production in the human body |
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Bliss lactate levels |
Amount of circulating lactate in the blood, index of anaerobic ATP production |
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Bone remodeling |
Turnover of bone and minerals |
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Capillary beds |
A network of capillaries in a tissue or organ |
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Capillary beds |
A network of capillaries in a tissue or organ |
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Cardiac output |
Measure of blood volume ejected from the left ventricle each minute |
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Cardiovascular system |
The transport system of the body that carry oxygen and nutrients to the body, carry away carbon dioxide and other waste |
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Catabolism |
Metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules, releasing energy |
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Closed chain |
Kinetic chain movement where the distal aspect of the chain is stationary with respect to the proximal |
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Collage |
Structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue |
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Concentric |
The muscle shortens while under tension |
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Connective tissue |
Support for the body and connects all of its parts |
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Convergent muscles |
Origin is generally wider than the point of insertion |
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
Heart reduces blood flow and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle |
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Deep |
Away from the surface of the body |
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Dehydration |
An abnormally low amount of water in the body |
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Deltoid |
Shoulder abduction |
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Diabetes |
Blood sugar control related to the hormone, insulin |
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Distal |
Kinetic chain furthest away from the midline of the body |
Hands and feet |
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Triceps |
Elbow extensions |
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Type 1 muscle fibers ( oxidative) |
Red, low power output/high endurance fibers |
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Type IIa (fast oxidative/glycolytic) |
Pink, moderate power output/moderate |
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Type IIb (fast glycolytic) |
White, high power output/ low endurance fibers |
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Vasodilation |
Increase in diameter of a blood vessel |
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Ventilatory threshold |
Fast twitch muscles and identifying via gas exchange during exercise |
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VO2 Max |
Maximum oxygen update indicator of maximal aerobic capacity |
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Extension |
Movement; in the sagittal plane; where the angle of joint increases |
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Fascia |
A band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports and separates muscles |
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Fascicle |
Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in a fasciae sheathing |
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Flexion |
Movement; in the sagittal, where the angle of a joint decreases |
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Frontal plane |
Bisects the body into front and rear |
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Fusiform muscles |
Muscle is thick in the middle and tapered at each end |
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Gluteal group |
Stabilize the pelvis/hip, external hip rotation, hip hyper-extension |
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Glycogen |
Storage from of glucose found in both the liver and muscles |
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Glycolytic system |
After the ATP/PC system, glucose is now used to supply ATP, anaerobically |
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Golgi Tendon organs |
Change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change. Muscle to relax |
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Dynamic stretching |
Moving joints through their full range of motion |
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Hamstring |
Knee flexion, hip extensions (biceps femoris long head only) |
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Heart rate reserve(HRR) |
Max Heart Rate- Resting Heart Rate |
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HIIT Training |
High intensity interval training 85% or higher |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
Hard, smooth material that covers the articulating surfaces |
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Hypertension |
Clinically diagnosed high blood pressure |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in the muscle cell diameter |
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Inferior |
Lower part of a structure |
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Inflammation |
Injuries, infections that results in swelling |
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Innervation |
Nerve stimulation of a muscle |
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Insulin resistance |
Inability of muscle cells to respond, effectively, to insulin |
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Eccentric |
The muscle lengthens while under tension |
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Isometric |
Tension is develop in a muscle, no movement occurs at the joint |
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Karvonen method |
(HRR x %Intensity) + RHR |
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Kinetic chain |
Several joints making motor unit |
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Kerbs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) |
Start in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl coenzyme a molecules enter the cycle |
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Lactic Acid |
By product of anaerobic metabolism in fast twitch muscle fibers |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline of the body |
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Lateral Rotation |
Movement: in the transverse plane, where the arms or legs rotate “outward” |
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Latissimus dorsi |
Adducts, extends, medically rotates humerus |
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Ligament |
Type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone |
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Ligament sprains |
Damage to a ligament that occurs when excessive force |
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Elastin |
Protein that is similar to collagen and is the chief constituent of elastic fibers |
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Line of resistance |
The direction of the force that must be overcome during resistance training |
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Look test |
Determine client apparent |
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Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) |
220-age |
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Mechanoreceptors |
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissue |
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Medial |
Toward the midline of the body |
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Medial rotation |
Movement, in the transverse plane, where the arms of legs rotate “inward” |
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Metabolism |
Chemical processes occur within a living organism in order to maintain life |
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Midline |
An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing left and right halves |
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Moment arm |
Perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum |
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Motive force |
The muscle shortens as it creates tension |
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Electron transport system |
The kerbs cycle move into the mitochondria. Where the majority of ATP is produced at the cellular level |
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Motor control |
Motor unit recruitment within muscle bellies to produce coordinated movement patterns |
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Motor unit |
Single nerve cell and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Muscle spindle fibers |
Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles monitoring stretch of the muscle |
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Muscle strain |
An injury that when a muscle is stretched beyond |
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Muscular endurance |
Ability of a muscle belly to exert force, against resistance, extended periods of time |
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Muscular hypertrophy |
Increase in muscle mass and cross sectional area |
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Myofibrils |
Microscopic protein filaments that make up muscle cells |
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Myofilaments |
The contractile protein, actin and myosin, of muscle cell |
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Myoglobin |
Oxygen carrying, iron-rich protein molecule, found in muscle tissue |
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Neuromuscular junction |
Point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell |
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Endocrine system |
Consists of glands that control many of the body activities by producing hormones |
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Olympics lifts |
Snatch, clean, jerk |
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Open chain |
Movement where the proximal aspect is stationary relative to the distal |
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Osteoporosis |
Bones become brittle and fragile due to mineral loss. Most common in elder |
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Overreaching |
Overtraining |
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Overtraining |
Can’t recover the body from training to hard |
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Oxygen transport |
Delivery of fully oxygen blood to tissue and blood to lungs |
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Pectoralis major |
Adducts, flexes, medically rotates humerus |
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Pennate muscle |
Shorter fibers obliquely tendons manner similar to a feather arrangement increases the cross area |
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Posterior |
Toward the back of the body |
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Power |
Generation of force |
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Erector spinae |
Spinal extensions |
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Proprioception |
Ability to tell where one body body is in space |
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Proximal |
Kinetic chain closest to the midline of the body |
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Quadriceps |
Knee extension, hip flexion |
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Reciprocal inhibition |
Contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place |
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Recovery |
Return to a normal physiological state |
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Resistance |
The load that opposes that motive force |
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Respiratory system |
System responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using lungs |
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Resting Heart Rate (RHR) |
Beats per mins (BPM) after seating for 15 mins |
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RPE Scale |
Rating of perceived exertion scale. Allow clients to provide level of respiratory “distress” |
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Sagittal plane |
Bisects the body into a left and right side |
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Excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) |
Post training, physiological conditions, caused by high, intensity training |
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Sarcoma |
The fundamental unit of a muscle fiber |
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Self myofascial release |
Flexibility training that focuses on the fascial system in the body |
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Sliding filament theory |
Model that best describes how muscles shorten and lengthen |
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Split routine |
Training protocol designed to ensure that specific muscle groups are not trained more than once a week |
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Static stretching |
Taking a muscle to the point of tension and hold stretch for 30 secs |
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Strength |
The ability to generate force |
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Stretch reflex |
Involuntary contraction of a muscle due to rapid stretching |
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Stroke volume |
Measure of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole |
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Superficial |
Near the surface of the body |
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Superior |
Upper part of a structure |
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Exercise work around |
Workout to reduce the pain or discomfort |
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Synovial fluid |
Joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
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Synovial joint |
Articulating joints enclosed in a fluid filled capsule |
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Talk test |
Technique to determine a client leve lol of distress |
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Target Heart Rate (THR) |
70%-85% |
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Tendons |
Type of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
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Tidal Volume (TV) |
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath |
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Tonus |
Normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction |
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Torque |
A force that causes rotation or turning effect |
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Transverse plane |
Bisects the body into an “upper” and “lower” half |
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Trapezius |
Scapula elevation and retraction |
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Extensibility |
Ability to stretched |
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