Module 15: Lymphatics

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Lymph

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derived from plasma leaked into the interstitial fluid

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2 lymphatic ducts

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- right lymphatic duct

- thoracic duct

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large lymph ducts empty to

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subclavian veins

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subclavian veins

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Large veins running under the clavicles which empty into the SVC

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lymphoid cells

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B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages

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reticular cell

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type of fibroblast that synthesizes type III collagen and uses it to produce reticular fibers

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Diffuse lymphoid tissue

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loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers found in virtually every body organ

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Lymphoid follicles (nodules)

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bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers which generally form part of larger lymph nodes and organs, but also form isolated aggregations in the intestinal walls

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Peyer's patches

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aggregates of lymphoid tissue distributed throughout the small intestinal walls and appendix

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Function of Peyer's patches

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- destroy bacteria before they reach intestinal wall

- generate many 'memory' lymphocytes for long-term immunity

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function of lymph nodes (2)

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Filter lymph and activate lymphocytes

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lymph sinuses

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- large diameter vessels

- criss-crossed with reticular fibers

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lymph organs (3)

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- spleen

- thymus

- tonsils

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largest lymph organ

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spleen

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Palantine tonsils

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located either side of the posterior of the oral cavity

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Lingual tonsil

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collection of lymphoid tissue at the base of the tongue

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Pharyngeal tonsils

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in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (referred to as the adenoids if enlarged)

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Tubal tonsils

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tiny tonsils that surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

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Function of spleen

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Cleanses blood and stores blood products

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function of thymus

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- T-lymphocyte maturation

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function of tonsils

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- destroy foodbourne & airbourne pathogens

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Innate (non-specific) immunity

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provides generalized first and second line defenses against any type of pathogen

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Adaptive (specific) immunity

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provides a third line of defense against specific pathogens, which it can 'remember' after an initial encounter

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features of innate immunity (5)

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- skin and mucous membranes

- phagocytosis

- inflammation and fever

- natural killer cells

- antimicrobial proteins

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features of adaptive immunity (3)

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- T-lymphocytes

- B-lymphocytes

- antibodies

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1st line of defense

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prevent them from gaining access to the body

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features of 1st line of defense

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skin, mucous membranes, chemical secretions

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immunity function of acids

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inhibit bacterial growth

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location of lysozymes

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- saliva

- respiratory & vaginal mucus

- breastmilk

- sweat

- lacrimal fluid of the eye

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transferrin

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enzyme in mucous, binds to iron so bacteria can't grow

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lactoferrin

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enzyme in breastmilk, binds to iron so bacteria can't grow

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Digestive enzymes

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kill different microorganisms

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Mucin

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Polypeptide that forms a thick, sticky mucus when dissolved in water that traps microorganisms

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Defensins

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antimicrobial peptide secreted by skin and mucous membranes to control bacterial/fungal colonization

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Sebum & sweat

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help to flush the skin, washing away microorganisms, and also containing various elements that are toxic to bacteria

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Role of the normal flora in immunity

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- competitive exclusion

- produce harmful substances

- alter pH and oxygen availability

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2nd line of defense

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after pathogens gain access to interior of body

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Phagocytosis

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phagocytic cells engulf and destroy foreign particulates

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Neutrophils

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become phagocytic on encountering infectious material in body tissues

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Monocytes

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become macrophages when they leave the blood stream and enter body tissues

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Natural killer cells

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destroy cancer cells and virus-infected body cells

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apoptosis

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programmed cell death

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Antimicrobial proteins (2)

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- interferons

- complement proteins

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Interferons

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Stimulate production of antiviral proteins in body cells

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Complement proteins

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Enhances inflammation and lyses some pathogens

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localized response to tissue damage or infection

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inflammation

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systemic (widespread) response to infection/pathogens

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fever

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pyrogens

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chemicals released from activated WBCs that target the temperature control center of the hypothalamus

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functions of fever

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- stops iron and zinc from supporting pathogens

- increase rate of immunity reactions

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Functions of humoral immunity (4)

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- active B-lymphocytes

- create memory cells

- produce antibodies

- marks foreign antigens

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types of adaptive immunity (2)

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- humoral immunity

- cell-mediated immunity

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Functions of cell-mediated immunity

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- activates T-lymphocytes

- attacks foreign antigens

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Antigens

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identifying molecules that belong to specific organisms

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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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mediate interactions between immune cells or immune cells with body cells

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immunogenic

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Capable of stimulating specific lymphocyte activity

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main cells of adaptive immunity

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T & B lymphocytes

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B lymphocytes

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cells of humoral immunity

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T lymphocytes

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cells of cell-mediated immunity

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origin of lymphocytes

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bone marrow

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location of B lymphocyte maturation

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bone marrow

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location of T lymphocyte maturation

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thymus

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Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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engulf foreign antigens and present them on their own surface MHC proteins for T cells to recognize

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major APCs (3)

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- dendrites

- macrophages

- B lymphocytes

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destroys foreign antigens (3)

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- phagocytes

- T lymphocytes

- complement

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proliferation

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Producing many 'clones' of itself

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plasma B cells

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produce billions of antibodies for a few days, then die

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memory B cells

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remain in circulation forever to attack similar antigens

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Secondary immune response

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memory B cells "remember" foreign antigen from last attack and can generate army of plasma B cells more quickly

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function of antibodies

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inactivate antigens temporarily and tag them for destruction by innate or cell-mediated immunity

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antigen-antibody (immune) complexes

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antibodies can inactivate the antigen via neutralization, agglutination or precipitation; additionally antibodies activate complement

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antibody actions (4)

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- neutralization

- agglutination

- precipitation

- complement fixing and activation

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neutralization (by antibodies)

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antibodies block sites to prevent antigens from binding with body cells

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Agglutination

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cause foreign cells to clump together

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Precipitation (antibodies)

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agglutination of soluble molecules which settle out of a solution

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Complement fixing & activation

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several antibodies bind on a foreign cell, complement proteins attracted to cell and cause cell lysis

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5 classes of antibodies

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- IgG antibodies

- IgM antibodies

- IgA antibodies

- IgE antibodies

- IgD antibodies

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IgG antibodies

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most abundant, late primary immune response, secondary immune response, in circulation

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IgM antibodies

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activates complement and agglutination, in blood group

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IgA antibodies

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Prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial cell surfaces

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IgE antibodies

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causes bast cells and mast cells to release histamines to mediate inflammation and allergic reactions

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IgD antibodies

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surface of B cells, initiate hummoral response

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co-simulatory signals

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Specific proteins that are presented on the cell surface of APCs when they have ingested foreign antigens

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4 subtypes of T cells

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- helper T cells

- cytotoxic T cells

- regulatory T cells

- memory T cells

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Plasma cell

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Produce antibodies in response to a specific pathogen

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cytokines

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stimulate the B cell to divide more rapidly and produce antibodies

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develop from CD4 cells (3)

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- Helper T cells

- Regulatory T cells

- Memory T cells

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develop from CD8 cells (3)

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- Cytotoxic T cells

- Memory T cells

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cytotoxic T cells

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directly attack and kill infected body cells

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Regulatory T cells

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dampen the immune response, either directly or by releasing inhibitory cytokines

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important role in preventing autoimmune reactions

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regulatory T cells

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Memory T cells

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later mediate a secondary immune response to the same antigen