Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Epilepsy |
a neurological disorder that produces brief disturbances in the normal electrical activity in the brain. characterized by sudden, brief seizures |
|
|
Seizure |
a sudden alteration of behaviour that is caused by some sort of CNS dysfunction. SUDDEN AND TRANSIENT |
|
|
Epileptic seizure |
seizure caused by a PRIMARY CNS DYSFUNCTION. Usually due to excess depolarization and hypersynchronization of the neurons in our brain |
|
|
Non-epileptic seizure |
a seizure-like episode that is not the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain |
|
|
status epilepticus |
a single unremitting epileptic seizure of duration longer than 30mins OR frequent seizures without recovery of awareness in between. Emergency! |
|
|
Focal/partial seizures |
type of epileptic seizure. Arise in one specific area in the brain. Two types: simple partial seizure and complex partial seizure |
|
|
Simple partial seizure |
no loss of consciousness symptoms depend on where the seizure activity is arising from (note: if you see on right side of body is seizure, it's left side of brain) |
|
|
complex partial seizure |
involves loss of consciousness may appear to be awake, but not aware of their surroundings symptoms depend on where the seizure activity is taking place (note: if you see on right side of body is seizure, it's left side of brain) |
|
|
Generalized seizures |
type of epileptic seizure. bilateral diffuse onset, arise from all areas of the brain at once. 5 types |
|
|
Absence seizures |
- loss of consciousness (despite open eyes) - behavioural arrest, appear to be staring - more common in childhood - brief but may occur multiple times a day |
|
|
EEG |
used to measure the activity of the brain. when a patient has a seizure, you can see abnormal discharges represented as spikes on the EEG |
|
|
Tonic/clonic seizures |
Abrubt loss of consciousness TONIC period: muscles are rigid (1min) CLONIC period: involuntary muscle contractions (2-3mins) post seizure: drowsy, confused and headache-y |
|
|
Myoclonic seizures |
sudden, brief muscle contractions no loss of consciousness more susceptible to tonic/clonic afterwards |
|
|
tonic seizures |
sudden muscle stiffening impaired/loss of consciousness |
|
|
atonic seizures |
loss of muscle tone brief, 15 secs patients usually drop to the ground |
|
|
Secondary generalized seizure |
type of epileptic seizure. Starts in one area of the brain, then spreads throughout the brain Some patients feel an "aura", like they feel it coming |
|
|
Frontal lobe seizures |
- contralateral side, simple repetitive motor movements, with one muscle group - OR tonic posturing affecting the entire side of body - may expect complex behavioural automatisms such as swimming. sometimes involve laughing or crying |
|
|
temporal lobe seizures |
- emotion crazy! (anger, fear, euphoria) - may have auditory-type hallucinations and olfactory and gustatory hallucination - may have visual distortions |
|
|
Parietal lobe seizures |
localized parasthesias, such as numbness and pins and needles - maybe hallucinations and illusions |
|
|
occipital lobe seizures |
- visual hallucinations (flashing, or repeated pattern) - temporary blindness afterwards and decreased vision - may be mistaken as a migraine |
|
|
Symptomatic epilepsy |
epilepsy arising from an identified physical cause, such as a brain tumour, stroke, infection, or other types of head or brain injury |
|
|
Idiopathic epilepsy |
does NOT have an identifiable cause; likely genetics |
|
|
Cryptogenic epilepsy |
likely to have an underlying cause, but it has not been identified |
|
|
What are some factors that affect the seizure threshold? |
stroke, head injury, drug/alcohol withdrawal, infection, tumour, severe fever, or even extreme visual stimuli |
|
|
How does phenytoin work? |
It block sodium channels, therefore prolonging the inactivation state and neurons can't fire as much in epilepsy. teratogenic! |
|
|
what's so special about phenytoin? |
display non linear kinetics, so a small increase in dose may produce a very large increase in plasma concentration. |
|
|
What are the main adverse effects of phenytoin? |
sedation, gingival hyperplasia, and skin rashes |
|
|
how does blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels work? |
they sit in the Ca channel and don't allow the Ca to go into the pre-synaptic nerve terminal, and therefore does not allow the release of neurotransmitter to the next neuron |
|
|
how do glutamate antagonists work? |
block both the NMDA and AMPA receptors (which usually bind glutamate, an excitatory CNS neurotransmitter) to prevent the over-excitation that occurs in epilepsy |
|
|
how does potentiating the actions of GABA work? |
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter Can work in 4 ways: - enhancing binding of GABA to its receptor - stimulating GABA release - inhibiting GABA reuptake - inhibiting GABA metabolism |
|
|
What are examples of traditional antiepileptic drugs? |
phenytoin and valproid acid |
|
|
What are examples of newer antiepileptic drugs? |
lamotrigine |
|
|
How is depression diagnosed? |
AT LEAST 5 of the following symptoms for at least 2 WEEKS: -depressed mood for most of the day, everyday -loss of interest or pleasure in all activities -weight loss or weight gain -insomnia or hypersomnia -psychomotor agitation or retardation -fatigure and energy loss -feelings of worhtlessness, or excessive guilt -decreased ability to think, concentrate, or excessively indecisive -recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideations |
|
|
exogenous depression |
triggered by an external stimuli |
|
|
endogenous depression |
may or may not be related to external events |
|
|
pathological grief |
type of exogenous depression. prolonged grieving coupled with excessive guilt psychotherapy is good for this rather than drugz |
|
|
Adjustment disorder |
type of exogenous depression prolonged depression following failure or rejection in life common symptoms: hypersomnia and hyperphagia psychotherapy is more effective than drugz |
|
|
Major depression |
type of endogenous depression loss of interest and lack of response to positive stimuli. worse in morning, get better as the day proceeds. insomnia and weight loss |
|
|
Severe depression |
type of endogenous depression step up from major depression similar symptoms, but severe suicidal thoughts and psychoses |
|
|
Atypical depression |
type of endogenous depression similar to major depression, but hypersomnia and hyperphagia patients with this depression are likely to be obese |
|
|
Dysthymia |
type of endogenous depression patient's mood is regularly low, but symptoms are not as severe as major depression often difficult to detect psychotherapy > drugz |
|
|
Seasonal affective disorder |
type of endogenous depression mild or moderate symptoms of depression only in the winter, due to lack of sunlight |
|
|
Postpartum depression |
type of endogenous depression in women after giving birth, 3-12 months drug therapy and monitoring are best |
|
|
Bipolar disorder |
type of endogenous depression alternating periods of elevated or irratable mood (a manic period) and periods of depression |
|
|
Monoamine hypothesis |
altered monoamine release, receptor sensitivity, or post-synaptic function, or any types of things that affect monoamine neurtransmission in the CNS lead to symptoms of depression |
|
|
How do tricyclic antidepressants work? |
Has three rings, inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine |
|
|
What are the main adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants? |
anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, decreased seizure threshold, cardiac toxicity (rare but serious), weight gain, sexual dysfunction |
|
|
How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work? |
Blocks the reuptake of only serotonin |
|
|
What are the main adverse effects of SSRIs? |
Weight gain, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, serotonin syndrome (agitation, confusion, anxiety, hallucination)... less than tricyclic tho!! |
|
|
How do selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) work? |
Block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Don't have the three things like tricyclic. |
|
|
What are the main adverse effects of SNRIs? |
Nausea, diastolic hypertension, sexual dysfunction |
|
|
How do monoamine oxidase inhibitors work? |
Not selective, inhibit the metabolizers MAO-A (serotonin and norepinephrine) and MAO-B (dopamine) |
|
|
What are the main adverse effects for monoamine oxidase inhibitors? |
CNS excitation, orthostatic hypotension, hypertensive crisis if taken with tyramine containing foods |
|
|
What are the main symptoms of bipolar disorder? |
excessive irritation inflated self-esteem little need for sleep poor control of temper reckless behaviour easily distracted from tasks |
|
|
How do mood stabilizers work? |
Relieve symptoms for manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. Contains lithium, altering the uptake of glutamate and blocking binding of serotonin |
|
|
How are antipsychotic drugs used to treat bipolar disorder? |
Helps with manic episodes.Atypical is preferred because of the lower risk of extrapyramidal symptoms |
|
|
How are antidepressants used to treat bipolar disorder? |
Helps with depressive state. Must be taken with antipsychotic drugs |
|
|
anxiety disorder |
symptoms of anxiety create a functional impairment in a patient's daily living activities |
|
|
General anxiety disorder |
uncontrollable worrying, 6 months or longer |
|
|
panic disorder |
sense of impending doom. experience panic attacks |
|
|
agoraphobia |
feels judged, or situational where escaping would be difficult or embarrassing for the patient |
|
|
OCD |
persistent obsession and compulsions that interfere with patient's daily life |
|
|
social anxiety disorder |
anxiety in social situations. may not be able to talk or stop talking in social situations |
|
|
post-traumatic stress disorder |
anxiety that occurs after experiencing a traumatic event. symptoms: continually re-experiencing the event and severe insomnia |
|
|
simple phobia |
a specific fear. only diagnosed as anxiety if it imapirs the daily living of the patient |
|
|
How do benzodiazepines work? |
Bind to GABA receptor, increase the binding of GABA receptor. Chloride ions rush into cell and cause CNS depression, so it's good to treat anxiety |
|
|
what are the main adverse effects for benzodiazepines? |
CNS depression anterograde amnesia- impaired memory respiratory depression teratogenic tolerance withdrawal |
|
|
How does buspirone work? |
modulates serotonergic and/or dopaminergic neurotransmission to treat generalized anxiety disorder |
|
|
What are the main adverse effects of buspirone? |
dizziness, light-headedness and excitement |
|
|
Which antidepressants are used for generalized anxiety disorder? |
SSRIs and SNRIs |
|
|
Which antidepressants are used for panic disorder and agoraphobia? |
SSRIs, TCAs and MAO inhibitors |
|
|
Which antidepressants are used for OCD? |
SSRIs and behavioural therapy |
|
|
Which antidepressants are used for social anxiety disorder? |
SSRIs (slow) and benzodiazepines (immediate) |
|
|
Which antidepressants are used for post traumatic stress disorder? |
none! tricked ya! |
