Module 10

Front 1

Abduction

Back 1

movement of a limb away from the midline or axis of the body

Front 2

adduction

Back 2

the movement of a limb toward the midline or axis of the body.

Front 3

Arthralgia

Back 3

joint pain

Front 4

Atrophy

Back 4

a wasting or decrease in size or physiologic activity of a part of the body because of disease or other influences. A skeletal muscle may undergo atrophy as a result of lack of physical exercise or neurologic or musculoskeletal disease. Cells of the brain and central nervous system may atrophy in old age because of restricted blood flow to those areas.

Front 5

Bouchard’s nodes

Back 5

an abnormal cartilaginous or bony enlargement of a proximal interphalangeal joint of a finger, usually occurring in diseases of the joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis

Front 6

callus

Back 6

Hypertrophy of the epithelium develops because of prolonged pressure, commonly on the plantar surface of the first metatarsal head in the hallux valgus deformity. The condition is not painful.

Front 7

Circumduction

Back 7

moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder

Front 8

crepitus

Back 8

.(1) a sound or feel that resembles the crackling noise heard when rubbing hair between the fingers or throwing salt on an open fire. Crepitus is associated with gas gangrene, rubbing of bone fragments, air in superficial tissues, or crackles of a consolidated area of the lung in pneumonia. (2) .a clicking sound often heard in movement of joints, for example, in temporomandibular joint resulting from joint irregularities.

Front 9

distal

Back 9

away from or the farthest from the midline or a central point, as a distal phalanx

Front 10

Dorsiflexion

Back 10

upward or backward flexion of a part of the body.

Front 11

Eversion

Back 11

a turning outward or inside out, such as a turning of the foot outward at the ankle

Front 12

external rotation

Back 12

turning outwardly or away from the midline of the body, such as when a leg is externally rotated with the toes turned outward or away from the body's midline.

Front 13

Extension

Back 13

a “straightening” movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that increases the angle between two adjoining bones, such as extending the leg, which increases the posterior angle between the femur and the tibia

Front 14

Fasciculation

Back 14

a localized uncoordinated, uncontrollable twitching of a single muscle group innervated by a single motor nerve fiber or filament that may be palpated and seen under the skin. In anesthesia it refers to muscle twitches that occur with administration of the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine. It also may be symptomatic of a number of disorders, including dietary deficiency, cerebral palsy, fever, neuralgia, polio, rheumatic heart disease, sodium deficiency, tic, or uremia. Fasciculation of the heart muscle is known as fibrillation

Front 15

Flexion

Back 15

(1).a movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones, such as bending the elbow, which decreases the angle between the humerus and the ulnar (2).a resistance to the descent of the fetus through the birth canal that causes the neck to flex so the chin approaches the chest. Thus the smallest diameter (suboccipitobregmatic) of the vertex presents

Front 16

Gait

Back 16

the manner or style of walking, including rhythm, cadence, and speed.

Front 17

genu varum

Back 17

a deformity in which one or both legs are bent outward at the knee

Front 18

genu valgum

Back 18

a deformity in which the legs are curved inward at the knee so that the knees are close together and strike each other as the person walks, and the ankles are widely separated.

Front 19

Goniometer

Back 19

an instrument used to measure angles, particularly range-of-motion angles of a joint

Front 20

Heberden’s nodes

Back 20

an abnormal cartilaginous or bony enlargement of a distal interphalangeal joint of a finger, usually occurring in degenerative diseases of the joint

Front 21

Hyperextension

Back 21

movement at a joint to a position beyond the joint's normal maximum extension.

Front 22

Hypertrophy

Back 22

an increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells rather than the number of cells. The cells of the heart and kidney are particularly prone to this

Front 23

internal rotation

Back 23

(1).the turning of a limb about its axis of rotation toward the midline of the body.(2).medial rotation.

Front 24

Inversion

Back 24

(1)an abnormal condition in which an organ is turned inside out, such as the uterus. (2).a chromosomal defect in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and then reattaches to the chromosome in the reverse orientation, causing the genes carried on that part of the chromosome to be in an abnormal position and sequence.

Front 25

Kyphosis

Back 25

(hunch back) an abnormal condition of the vertebral column, characterized by increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. The spinal sagittal contour ordinarily consists of a lordosis in the lumbar and cervical spinal segments that balances the rounding in the thoracic segment. This describes this expected rounding but also is used to describe the abnormal condition of the vertebral column. It may be caused by rickets or tuberculosis of the spine. Adolescent kyphosis is usually self-limiting and often undiagnosed, but, if the curvature progresses, there may be moderate back pain. Conservative treatment consists of spine-stretching exercises and sleeping without a pillow, with a board under the mattress. A modified Milwaukee brace may be used for severe kyphosis, and, rarely, spinal fusion may be required

Front 26

Lordosis

Back 26

an abnormal anterior concavity of the lumbar part of the back.

Front 27

Myalgia

Back 27

is usually felt as cramping or aching. Suggests intermittent claudication, diffuse muscle pain, usually accompanied by malaise

Front 28

nuchal rigidity

Back 28

a resistance to flexion of the neck, a condition seen in patients with meningitis

Front 29

plantar flexion

Back 29

a toe-down motion of the foot at the ankle. It is measured in degrees from the 0-degree position of the foot at rest on the ground with the body in a standing position.

Front 30

Polydactyly

Back 30

a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes. The condition is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic and can usually be corrected by surgery shortly after birth

Front 31

Pronation

Back 31

(1).assumption of a prone position, one in which the ventral surface of the body faces downward. (2)(of the arm) the rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downward or backward. (3) (of the foot) the lowering of the medial edge of the foot by turning it outward and through abduction in the tarsal and metatarsal joints.

Front 32

Proximal

Back 32

nearer to a point of reference or attachment, usually the trunk of the body, than other parts of the body. Proximal interphalangeal joints are those closest to the hand or the surface of a tooth in relation to the abutting tooth nearer or farther from the anteroposterior median plane.

Front 33

ROM

Back 33

the extent of movement of a joint, measured in degrees of a circle.

Front 34

Rotation

Back 34

(1.) the gyration of a bone around its central axis, one of the four basic movements allowed by the various joints of the skeleton. The central axis may lie in a separate bone, as in the pivot formed by the dens of the axis around which the atlas turns. Some bones, such as the humerus, rotate around their own longitudinal axis. Alternatively, the axis of rotation may not be quite parallel to the long axis of the rotating bone, as in movement of the radius on the ulna during pronation and supination of the hand. (2.)a turning around an axis. (3.)the turning of the fetal head to descend through the pelvis during birth.

Front 35

Scoliosis

Back 35

lateral curvature of the spine, a common abnormality of childhood, especially in females. Causes include congenital malformations of the spine, poliomyelitis, skeletal dysplasias, spastic paralysis, and unequal leg length. Unequal heights of hips or shoulders may be a sign of this condition. Early recognition and orthopedic treatment may prevent progression of the curvature. Treatment includes braces, casts, exercises, and corrective surgery.

Front 36

Supination

Back 36

(1.)one of the kinds of rotation allowed by certain skeletal joints, such as the elbow and the wrist joints, which permit the palm of the hand to turn up. (2.)assumption of a supine position, one of lying on the back, face up.

Front 37

Syndactyly

Back 37

a congenital anomaly characterized by the fusion of the fingers or toes. It varies in degree of severity from incomplete webbing of the skin of two digits to complete union of digits and fusion of the bones and nails.

Front 38

Tinel’s sign

Back 38

Direct percussion of the location of the median nerve at the wrist produces no symptoms in the normal hand. In carpal tunnel syndrome, percussion of the median nerve produces burning and tingling along its distribution, which is a positive for this