Module 1, Chapter 2: Breathing; Respiration

Front 1

Define breathing/ respiration

Back 1

the process of gas exchange between an organism and the environment

Front 2

What is the organ of respiration?

Back 2

the lungs; they are a passive container for air- they depend on the movement of your chest to breathe

Front 3

What divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Back 3

the larynx

Front 4

Name the parts of the vocal tract/upper respiratory tract from superior to inferior

Back 4

nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx

Front 5

Name the parts of the Conducting Portion of the Lower Respiratory Tract from superior to inferior

Back 5

trachea
R & L main stem bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

Front 6

What is the purpose of the Conducting Portion of the Lower Respiratory Tract?

Back 6

It conducts air into and out of the lungs

Front 7

List the parts of the Respiratory Portion of the Lower Respiratory Tract from superior to inferior

Back 7

Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

Front 8

What muscle seperates the thoracic and the abdominal cavity?

Back 8

the diaphragm; it drops when we breathe in, pushing the stomach out

Front 9

What are the 3 ventral cavities of the torso?

Back 9

1. Thoracic/Chest Cavity
2. Abdominal Cavity
3. Pelvic Cavity (the most inferior)

Front 10

Describe the larynx

Back 10

-an organ of phonation
-combination of hyline cartilage and elastic cartilage
-it's primary function is airway protection (biological)
-it's secondary function is voicing (communicative)
-location: babies- C2, C3, adults- C3-C6; it sits on top of the trachea, on the 1st trachial ring
-it's the organ that produces your voice (not speech)

Front 11

What is valsalva?

Back 11

closing the larynx when lifting heavy objects

Front 12

Describe the trachea

Back 12

-its framework is hyaline cartilage, 16-20 horseshoe shaped rings, 11-12 cm in length
-the structure is highly variable from one individual to another
-location: extends from the larynx superiorly at C6 to the R & L main stem bronchus inferiorly

Front 13

What connects the larynx to the trachea?

Back 13

the cricotracheal ligaments

Front 14

Describe a tracheostomy

Back 14

-surgical procedure where a hole is placed in the trachea for breathing
-something's wrong with the URT
-done between the 2nd & 3rd tracheal rings (above Adam's apple)

Front 15

As the bronchial tree branches, the divisions typically become ______ in diameter and contain ______ cartilage and _______ smooth muscle

Back 15

-smaller (in diameter)
-less (cartilage)
-more (smooth muscle)

Front 16

What 3 cavities does the thoracic cavity contain

Back 16

2 pleural cavities
1 pericardial cavity

Front 17

Name the parts of the Respiratory System from superior to inferior

Back 17

URT: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
LRT: (Conducting Portion)Trachea, R&L Main Stem Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Tertiary Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles (Respiratory Portion) Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs, Alveoli

Front 18

Name the tracheal layers from superficial to deep

Back 18

trachealis muscle
fibroelastic membrane (connects each ring)
intratracheal membrane
epithelium

Front 19

Name the 3 divisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior

Back 19

1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

Front 20

In the lungs, where does the gas exchange occur?

Back 20

the alveoli

Front 21

In an adult, how many divisions are there of the bronchiole tree?

Back 21

24

Front 22

describe the goblet cells in the trachea

Back 22

they produce mucous within the epithelium in the trachea

Front 23

define carina

Back 23

where the right and left main stem bronchi divide from the trachea

Front 24

How many lobes do the lungs have? Which is bigger?

Back 24

Right lung- 3 lobes, bigger
Left lung- 2 lobes

Front 25

How many tertiary bronchi does each lung side have?

Back 25

Left- 8
Right- 10

Front 26

What do the terminal bronchioles do?

Back 26

deliver air to the surface of the lungs

Front 27

What is the ANS?

Back 27

Autonomic nervous system; regulates the diameter of the bronchial airways

Front 28

How do the lungs attach to the body?

Back 28

By the root and pulmonary ligament & housed within the pleural cavities

Front 29

What are the 2 pleura membranes

Back 29

they connect the pleural cavity to the lungs; costal/parietal (outer), visceral (inner)- lines the surface of the lungs

Front 30

What lines the surface of the lungs?

Back 30

visceral pleura membrane

Front 31

What connects the pleural cavity to the lungs?

Back 31

pleura membranes (costal/parietal & visceral)

Front 32

What is another name for the lung root?

Back 32

Hilum; attaches the lung to the body

Front 33

List the pleura superficial to deep:

Back 33

costal/parietal pleura
intrapleural space
visceral pleura
outer surface of the lungs

Front 34

List the thoracic cavity from superficial to deep

Back 34

thoracic wall
costal/parietal pleura
intercostal space
visceral pleura
lung

Front 35

List the structures of the mediastinum

Back 35

heart
trachea
heart blood vessels
thymus gland
r&l main stem bronchi
esophagus

Front 36

What is phonation?

Back 36

the production of sound caused by the vibration of the vocal folds

Front 37

What is the lung root made up of?

Back 37

bronchi
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
pulmonary plexus of nerves
lymphatic vessels

Front 38

How many vertebrae are there?

Back 38

32-33 total
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacrum- 5
Coccyx (tailbone)- 3-5

Front 39

Difference between the Atlas and the Axis?

Back 39

Atlas- C-1= no body, huge vertebral foramen, no spinous process

Axis- has dens/odontoid process; is the point for the head to turn

Front 40

Difference between each class of vertebrae- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum

Back 40

-Cervical: largest vertebral foramen, long spinous process, points inferiorly; their transverse processes have foramen; some have a split spinous process; supports skull & head movement

-Thoracic: smaller vertebral foramen, but larger in size than cervical; processes point downward; have articular facets on their transverse processes that articulate with the ribs; supports head/neck, upper limbs, ribs, expansion of thoracic cavity/ rib cage

Lumbar: largest body; no transverse foramen or articular facets, but their spinous process is horizontal/points posterior; supports head/neck, upper limbs, trunk

Sacrum: 5 vertebral bodies, 4 ossified disks between

Coccyx (tailbone): 3-5 vertebrae, varies

Front 41

How many articulations does each class of vertebrae have in the spinal column

Back 41

They each have 2 superior & 2 inferior, except the thoracic vertebrae have 6, because 2 to articulate w/ ribs

Front 42

What lies between each vertebrae?

Back 42

intervertebral discs, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments; move freely through diarthrodial joints

Front 43

List the ligaments that bind the vertebrae together

Back 43

accessory ligaments, supraspinal ligaments, intertransverse ligaments

Front 44

What bone is the breastbone?

Back 44

the sternum

Front 45

List the 3 parts of the sternum

Back 45

1. Manubrium- articulates w/clavicles on the suprasternal notches
2. Body- articulates w/ 2-7 ribs, 8-10 indirectly
3. Xyphoid/ Ensiform process

Front 46

List the 12 pair of ribs

Back 46

1-7 True Ribs/vertebrosternal; first rib is immobile
8-10 False Ribs/ vertebrochondral
11,12 Floating Ribs/ vertebral ribs, attaches only to the vertebral column

Front 47

Describe the 4 features of a rib

Back 47

1. Shaft
2. Head
3. Neck
4. Tubercle- articulates w/ vertebral column

Front 48

How do the ribs articulate with the vertebral column & the sternum?

Back 48

Ribs 1-12 articulate w/ vertebral column
Ribs 1-7 articulate w/ sternum, 8-10 indirectly, 11,12 don't at all

Front 49

how do ribs move during breathing? why?

Back 49

sup to inferior, laterally, front to back- they serve as attachments to their supplemental muscles during respiration

Front 50

What is the coxal or hip bone?

Back 50

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 51

What is the bony pelvis?

Back 51

sacrum, coccyx and hip bone

Front 52

Name the area where the leg attaches to the pelvis

Back 52

acetabulum

Front 53

What is the contribution of the pelvic girdle to speech?

Back 53

Many accessory muscles of respiration have their origin & insertion here

Front 54

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Back 54

-clavicle (collar bone)
-scapula

Front 55

Describe the parts of the scapula

Back 55

1. glenoid fossa- where upper arm attaches into
2. acromion (attaches to the spine) & coracoid processes
3. spine

Front 56

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

Back 56

R&L phrenic nerves

Front 57

Name the 3 portions/bellies of the diaphragm?

Back 57

named by their origin:
1. sternal
2. costal
3. vertebral

Front 58

List the intercostal muscles superficial to deep

Back 58

1. Transverse thoracis
2. External intercostals
3. Internal intercostals
4. Subcostals

Front 59

What are the primary muscles of inspiration?

Back 59

-diaphragm
-external intercostals

Front 60

What is the primary muscle of expiration?

Back 60

-internal intercostals

Front 61

What are the secondary muscles of expiration?

Back 61

-subcostals
-transverse thoracis

Front 62

What are the secondary muscles of inspiration?

Back 62

-SCM
-scalenes
-trapezius