Modulation Of Movement Cerebellum

Front 1

What are the 5 functions of the cerebellum?

Back 1

1)modifies activity patterns of motor neurons
2)monitors sensory and motor traffic
3) detects errors between intended and actual movements
4) makes adjustments to ongoing movements

Front 2

Where is the cerebellum located?

Back 2

strategically over the brainstem

Front 3

What is an intention tremor?

Back 3

tremor during a movement and from cerebellar

Front 4

What are the three parts of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 4

1)vestibulocerebellum
2)spinocerebellum
3)cerebrocerebellum

Front 5

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum(2)

Back 5

1) axial control
2) vestibular reflexes/eye movements

Front 6

What is the evolutionary history of the cerebellum?

Back 6

vestibulocerebellum-archeocerebellum
spinocerebellum - paleocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum -neocerebellum

Front 7

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

Back 7

medial and lateral synergy of movement (rate, range, force and direction)

Front 8

What does the medial part of the spinocerebellum do?

Back 8

synergy for axial muscles

Front 9

What does the lateral part of the spinocerebellum do?

Back 9

synergy for the distal muscles

Front 10

Where is the medial part of the spinocerebellum?

Back 10

vermis

Front 11

Function of superior peduncle?

Back 11

connects upward to motor cortex

Front 12

Function of inferior peduncle?

Back 12

connects down to spinal cord (gets info)

Front 13

Function of middle peduncle?

Back 13

connects to brainstem to connect movement through brainstem

Front 14

What is the pathway for the vestibulocerebellum?

Back 14

1) input:vestibular labyrinth
2) nucleus:lateral vestibular nucleus
3) output:medial system, axial motor systems

Front 15

What is the pathway for the vermis/medial spinocerebellum?

Back 15

1)input: vestibular labyrinth, proximal body parts, facial, auditory inputs to posterior lobe
2) nucleus: fastigal nucleus
3) output: medial systems such as vestibular nucleus, reticular formation, motor cortex

Front 16

What is the pathway for the intermediate part of the hemisphere/spinocerebellum?

Back 16

1)input: spinal afferents from distal body parts
2) nucleus: interposed
3)output: lateral systems, red nucleus, distal regions of motor cortex

Front 17

What is the pathway for the cereberocerebellum?

Back 17

1)input: cortical afferents
2) nucleus: dentate
3) output: integration areas such as red nucleus and premotor/association cortex

Front 18

What are the inputs to the cerebellum?

Back 18

from cortex:
1) frontal/parietal cortex
2) pontine nuclei
3) cross midline
4) deep cerebellar nuclei
from brainstem:
1)inferior olive
2) vestibular nucleus
3) spinal cord

Front 19

What do the inputs from the cortex do?

Back 19

visual spatial awareness that helps regulate ongoing movement

Front 20

What do inputs from vestibular, spinal and trigeminal do?

Back 20

monitor position and motion of the body

Front 21

What do inputs from inferior olive do?

Back 21

cerebellar learning and memory

Front 22

What are the outputs from the cerebellum?

Back 22

1) deep cerebellar nuclei
2) vestibular nuclei

Front 23

Which cortex does what?

Back 23

1)cerebrocereberllum- dentate nucleus-->premotor/association cortex
2) spinocerebellum-->interposed/fastigial nucleus--> motor cortex and brainstem
3) vestibulocerebellum-->vestibular nuclei-->lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem for balance and tracking

Front 24

How do deep cerebellar nuclei get to cortex?

Back 24

1)cerebellar nuclei
2) cross the midline at the midbrain
3) project to contralateral thalamus
4) ascend to contralateral primary and premotor cortex

Front 25

What is the general organization of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 25

granule cell layer: granule cell+golgi cell
Purkinje cell layer: purkinje cell
Molecular cell layer: basket cell + stellate cell

Front 26

What is going on in the granular cell layer?

Back 26

input: mossy fibers
synapse: mossy fibers synpase on granule cell forming glomeruli
output: parallel fibers of granule cell eventually synapse on purkinje cell

Front 27

What is going on in the purkinje cell layer?

Back 27

input: climbing fibers from inferior olive
synapse: complex synapse on purkinje cells
output: purkinje cell axons out of cerebellar cortex to various nuclei

Front 28

What is the only cell to leave the cerebellar cortex?

Back 28

purkinje

Front 29

What is the difference between the contacts that the parallel fibers/granule cells make with the purkinje cells vs the climbing fiber/inferior olive ?

Back 29

1)parallel fibers only synapse one time and make a single spike
2)climbing fiber makes multiple synapses on a single purkinje cell and generates complex fibers, it also modifies the aprallel fiber input

Front 30

Which cell does a beam of excitation?

Back 30

parallel fibers contact multiple purkinje cells so they form like parallel beams of excitation throughout cortex

Front 31

Where do mossy fibers come from?

Back 31

multiple sources

Front 32

What is going on in the molecular layer?

Back 32

basket cells and stellate cells are inhibitory interneurons that sharpen the signal

Front 33

What type of cell is a purkinje cell (NT)?

Back 33

GABA, inhibitory

Front 34

What is the main 2 circuits of the cerebellum?

Back 34

Mossy fibers from various inputs 1)either synapse directly on deep cerebellar nuclear cell or
2)travel up to granule cell then to purkinje cell which will then synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei

Front 35

Are mossy fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 35

excitatory

Front 36

Are climbing fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 36

excitatory

Front 37

What is the function of basket cells?

Back 37

inhibitory interneurons that help with lateral inhibition of adjacent purkinje cells

Front 38

What is the cortical inhibitory loop vs the deep excitatory loop?

Back 38

deep excitatory loop: is the flow of activity through the cerebellum via excitatory mossy fibers
2) cortical inhibitory loop: circuits in cerebellar cortex provide inhibitory modulation via purkinje cells

Front 39

What happens in purkinje discharge rates as you do alternating wrist movement?

Back 39

burst-pause:purkinje inhibits deep cerebellar nuclei less when you are trying to move and more when you are still

Front 40

Cerebellar lesion indications?

Back 40

1)slow/delayed onset of movement
2) intention tremors - trying to move but tremoring
3) ataxia - rate range force
4) dysdiadochokinesia-inability to form rapid alternating movement