Modern Western Civilization 1

Front 1

what happened to the roman empire?

Back 1

it fell (crumbled) by the year 1000 because of desieas amoung the educated.

Front 2

what role did sweeden and norway play in early modern civ?

Back 2

they started raiding the coast of France, this eventually changed french politics

Front 3

how did the french politics change after the roman empire fell

Back 3

because the army failed to stop raids along the coast many french ppl stopped paying taxes and created their own armies to defend their cities. this eventually made it so that military was running all political things.

Front 4

what happened after the military came into political power?

Back 4

they devided, fought each other and when it was over they drew a chart

Front 5

what is a Lord?

Back 5

a noble man who is below a king

Front 6

what is a vassle?

Back 6

a noble man with somebody above them therefor both Lords and noble men are vassles

Front 7

how do you become a noble

Back 7

you are born into it there is no way to change your status

Front 8

what jobs are avalible for sons of noble men

Back 8

Priest hood or military

Front 9

if a noblemans son joins the military what is his life like

Back 9

at 7yrs he starts military training as a page, 15 he becomes a squire and 21 he finishes his training and is a knight.

Front 10

what does a page do?

Back 10

they help clear the table clean stables etc.

Front 11

what does a squire do

Back 11

start training to be a soldier. they use spears swards mases fro wepons

Front 12

what happens when a squire turns 21

Back 12

they finish their training and are admitted to knight hood with a special religious ceremony

Front 13

what happenes during times of peace

Back 13

mock ware fare is held to help keep horses in shape and knights in practice

Front 14

how was the war fare system? was there a lot of killing on the battle feild?

Back 14

no there wasnt much killing. mostly it wasa capture and ransome system

Front 15

how did most deaths from battle come about

Back 15

lack of med. many died due to infections

Front 16

what is the castle moat used for?

Back 16

defense

Front 17

where is the weakest part of a square stone castle

Back 17

the corner

Front 18

what is fudalismis

Back 18

military and government structure of middle ages military took control

Front 19

what year did the roman empire end?

Back 19

500

Front 20

who came into power after the roman empire

Back 20

Charles the Great from 800-814 he was a barbaric king

Front 21

what was The Oath of Homage

Back 21

an oral oath where a Lord promised the use of his land and the protection of his castle. The vassal promised, in return, to fight for the lord and a percentage of things grown. The Vassal owed his lord 40 days of fighting per year.

Front 22

what was The code of Chivalry

Back 22

the etiquette and ideal for becoming a knight. You had to obey promises and oaths. You had to protect noble women and kids. You must fight the enemies of the true religion, Catholicism

Front 23

what is a joust

Back 23

a mock fight between 2 knights during times of peace

Front 24

what was a Tournament

Back 24

a mock war between two teams of knights during a time of peace

Front 25

what is feudalism

Back 25

Feudalism was the system used only for the upper 10% of the population of Europe

Front 26

what is manorialism

Back 26

Manorialism: the economic unit of land was a manor

Front 27

what is the 3 field system

Back 27

3 Field System was the greatest invention in agriculture of the Middle Ages. because it allowed the nutrients in the soil to replenish so more crops could be grown

Front 28

what is a serf

Back 28

Serf. They weren't slaves cuz they couldn't be sold. Serfdom is a hereditary position. You got that way cuz you fed the big tough guys who became nobles who defended you from the Vikings long ago. Serfs were bound to the soil. The lord was supposed to protect his serfs. Therefore, the serfs owed the lord many things:

Front 29

what did the serfs owe the lords?

Back 29

week work, & boon work

Front 30

what was week work?

Back 30

work done every week. For 2 or 3 days of the week, the serf must farm the lord's 1/3 of the manor. The other days the serf could farm his own portion.

Front 31

what was boon work

Back 31

the extra work done during the spring and fall. Serfs must plant and harvest the lord's 1/3 before doing their own.

Front 32

what was the guild

Back 32

Guilds regulated the production of something. They preserved the knowledge of how to manufacture certain items. The guild regulated the quantity, quality, and price of a particular item

Front 33

How does a guild work?

Back 33

Let's learn a craft! How do you learn barrel-making? First, you were apprenticed as a child–you do things like sweeping up, fetching, etc. for the chance to be around a barrel-maker. Then you become a Journeyman

Front 34

what is a Journeyman

Back 34

the master pays you to help him with his work. To become a master, you must make a masterpiece (an excellent work–i.e. a wonderful barrel). As a master craftsman, you hire journeymen and apprentices to work for you and keep the extra profit.

Front 35

Original Sin

Back 35

sin everyone is born with because of adam and eve

Front 36

Petrine Theory of Papal Supremacy

Back 36

Petrine Theory of Papal Supremacy is based on 2 passages in the Scripture, a special understanding and literal translation of these 2 passages, and traditional practices:

AND I SAY ALSO UNTO THEE, THAT THOU ART PETER, AND UPON THIS ROCK I WILL BUILD MY CHURCH; AND THE GATES OF HELL SHALL NOT PREVAIL AGAINST IT.

AND I WILL GIVE UNTO THEE THE KEYS OF THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN: AND WHATSOEVER THOU SHALT BIN ON EARTH SHALL BE BOUND IN HEAVEN: AND WHATSOEVER THOU SHALT LOOSE ON EARTH SHALL BE LOOSED IN HEAVEN.

Front 37

baptism

Back 37

the removal of original through holy water and the priest or In case of emergency ...

Front 38

sacrament

Back 38

a mirical of the Church

Front 39

confermation

Back 39

Confirmation is a strengthening process in the formative years. It is a strengthening of youth and commitment to the Catholic church

Front 40

Transubstantiation

Back 40

Transubstantiation ("Substance goes across") is when the priest blesses the ordinary bread and wine and it becomes the real body and blood of Christ

Front 41

Moors

Back 41

Moslems (known as Moors in Spain) were swallowing countries. They got all of Spain up to the Pyrenees Mountains. The Moslems kept most of Spain through the Middle Ages. But they fought among themselves so the Spanish Catholics coming down out of the mountains started capturing parts.

Front 42

Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile

Back 42

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile are married and are rulers of the biggest parts of Spain. They married to unite Spain. Ferdinand got to run the country. He wanted to grab all the power and bust the big nobles.

Front 43

Granada

Back 43

was the last big Moslem hold in Southern Spain. Ferdinand whipped them in 1492. The fall of Granada freed up extra $ so people like Christopher Columbus can be fired off to the New World. Columbus explored during Ferdinand and Isabella's reign

Front 44

Spanish Inquisition

Back 44

In the 1480's, a group of monks asked Ferdinand to investigate the insincere Jews. Ferdinand wasn't interested until the monks promised to confiscate the property of the guilty and give him 2/3 of the goodies. And thus was born the Spanish Inquisition. Charges were brought up against you, but you weren't told what you've supposedly done. But you had to confess. If you don't, they torture you. Ferdinand used these things mostly against the rich cuz he got their land. Pope finally asks Ferdinand to stop cuz the torture is so unrestrained.

Front 45

Juana & Philip the Fair

Back 45

Ferdinand had two daughters to use for policies; Marriage was not for romance in those days, it was for diplomatic reasons. Juana was his elder daughter and he married her off to the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Philip the Fair (as in fair of face). Isabella died and Castile went to Juana according to the will assuming Juana was sane enough to run it. Ferdinand had Juana and Philip come stay with him and slowly poisoned Philip to drive Juana insane. It worked (but, sadly, Ferdinand lost the "Father of the Year" award!)!! Therefore, Juana couldn't assume rule and Ferdinand was "forced" to rule as regent and kept his country together

Front 46

War of the Roses

Back 46

Right after the 100 Years War, England got involved in a Civil War over who was to be king. It was fought between 1450 and 1500 mostly by the two families (or "houses") of Lancaster and York

Front 47

Lancaster

Back 47

one of the houses that fought in the WAr of the Roses

Front 48

York

Back 48

one of the houses that fought in the war of the roses

Front 49

Henry VII

Back 49

One of the big nobles was Henry VII who was a Tudor (family name–though he was related to the Lancasters). He won the last big battle (Bosworth Field) against Richard III (from the House of York) and became king. Henry was similar to Ferdinand of Spain: he wasn't worried about the quality of his honesty. His policies: 1. Destroy the nobility who kept squabbling over their rights to be king, 2. Gain power through financial independence, 3. Make his family the only royalty and stop the war. Henry loved power. Henry (on the Lancaster side) married Elizabeth of York to make peace through making babies with both bloodlines. He ran out or killed all of his royal competition. His older son (Arthur) married the #2 daughter of the king of Spain (Catherine of Aragon). Arthur (almost) kicked off too fast (before Catherine could have an heir), but by very fast maneuvering and with a little help from the Pope, Henry married her off to Arthur's younger brother, Henry

Front 50

Tudor

Back 50

A big nobel

Front 51

what did the Habsburg family rule? what did they try to do?

Back 51

The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the Habsburg family. It occupied the territory around Germany. It used to be strong but the Habsburgs squandered the power by trying to conquer Italy instead of trying to squash their nobles like everyone else did. The whole thing got to the ridiculous point of having the nobles decide everything, when they could agree that is. The office of emperor became elective.

Front 52

Machiavelli & The Prince

Back 52

Machiavelli as an Italian patriot. He wanted a strong Italy. To get unity, he wrote The Prince as an instruction manual for a ruler on how to pull Italy together. He wrote it was better to be feared than loved if, as a ruler, you must choose.

Front 53

Renaissance

Back 53

The Renaissance ("rebirth") started in Italy. The glorious ancient world of the Greeks and Romans had been followed by the grimy Middle Ages. After the Modern World began, there came a rebirth of Greek and Roman ideas that said man was basically a neat and unique thing. The Middle Ages man was supposed to renounce his body and concentrate on getting his soul into the tingly bliss of heaven: be humble because you are crud! Lice were called Pearls of God cuz they afflicted your evil body. The rebirth started in Italy cuz they had the money to buy things and therefore the leisure time for education. Besides, Northern Italy never sunk quite so medievally as everyone else cuz they had the old Roman buildings to look at so they could sit around and try and figure out how to put them together (which somehow nobody could figure out in the Middle Ages). Greek and Roman art was all around too and they had done real bodies. In the Middle Ages, the body was yucky. During the Renaissance, man acquired real bodies again. Renaissance man was an individual with worth, dignity, and self-reliance.

Front 54

Castiglione & the Book of the Courtier

Back 54

Castiglione was an Italian. He wrote the Book of the Courtier (courtier=young gentleman). He said you must be an athlete cuz then you'll have a graceful body, and you must be skilled in the social graces, musical instruments, know history and literature, write poetry and, in general, be well-accomplished. He made his living as a professional houseguest.

Front 55

Vernacular

Back 55

Latin was the highest language written and spoken–it was universal. During the Renaissance, Latin got dumped. People spoke in the Vernacular ("in common tongue")–the language of one's own country (English spoke and wrote in English instead of speaking/writing in Latin). People picked up more languages and wrote and spoke in their own to reach more people.

Front 56

Humanism

Back 56

Humanism was: 1. The study of humanities especially the cultural aspects of Greece and Rome, 2. Stress on human ideals rather than religious ideals, 3. Belief in substituting faith in man rather than an all-consuming faith in God.

Front 57

Lorenzo Valla

Back 57

Lorenzo Valla was the Pope's secretary. He was poking in the Vatican library and found the "Donation of Constantine." IT was a document which stated the Roman Empire had been given to the Pope. The Popes had been using it to keep medieval kings in line. Valla found the document was a fraud cuz it was written in the Middle Ages Latin not old Roman Latin. It added to the Church's bad image.

Front 58

what was invented in Gutenberg Germany? why was it invented there?

Back 58

the 1st printing press was invented by Gutenberg in Northern Germany. Why did it happen in Germany, the most backward of the European countries? Well, they just happened to have all the ingredients on hand at one time: 1. They had cheap paper which had been invented by the Chinese, 2. They had a metal type made of antimony and lead which held up and didn't melt, 3. They had an ink made from paints which was the right consistency to stick but not goo, 4. They had the pressure needed to print similar to a wine press

Front 59

Capitalism

Back 59

Capitalism: is the use of money or its equivalent on a large scale to create more money. There used to be capitalism in the ancient world. The early Middle Ages had bartering. But $ was needed for the Crusades. Capitalism was different from the guild system. The church sponsored the "Just Price" system–the cost of the raw material + small labor profit. Capitalism works on lots of profit. In the early days, capitalism was good for the consumer who got a wider choice of goods at a varied price.

Front 60

what were the Medici family famous for being the first at? where were they?

Back 60

Medici was the 1st big banking family. The Medicis are based in Florence

Front 61

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Back 61

Lorenzo the Magnificent was the grandson of the Medici founder. He spent lots of $ on artsy things, like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Banks could issue traveler's checks–"Bills of exchange" so large sums of wouldn't have to be carried around. The Medicis have six red balls on gold on their family crest. Six red balls on a field of gold signified a Medici bank.

Front 62

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 62

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal had an idea that Africa ended in the South somewhere. He was the 3rd son of the king of Portugal, so he's pretty sure he isn't ever going to get the kingdom and had time to mess around with exploring rather than paying attention to learning how to govern. An explorer named Diaz made it around the edge of Africa but ran out of supplies and had to go back. Somehow, Prince Henry was one of the few impressed and when he died everyone forgot about Diaz and his trip.

Front 63

Magellan

Back 63

Magellan wanted to go through the place where North and South America joined. He couldn't find it so he went around the southern tip of South America. It took him 3 years to sail around the world.

Front 64

Aztecs

Back 64

Aztecs (Indians of Mexico). The Aztecs had a really high civilization. They were sun worshipers who gave human sacrifices to the sun cuz it needed the strength to beat out the night before it appeared again. They had lots of gold and silver so Cortez (Spanish explorer/general) went to get it. The Aztecs had a legend about an Aztec chief named Quetzalcoatl who would one day return in a changed form (light-skinned and bearded) on a great beast. Lo and behold, who should come knocking at the Aztecs' door but Cortez (a paleface with a beard) on a horse (which had never been seen by Aztecs) with a cannon. He was let into the city and treated very well cuz they thought he was Quetzalcoatl. Cortez conquered the Aztecs with the help of some of their enemy tribes.

Front 65

Quetzalcoatl

Back 65

The Aztecs had a legend about an Aztec chief named Quetzalcoatl who would one day return in a changed form (light-skinned and bearded) on a great beast.

Front 66

what tribe was conqured by pizarro

Back 66

Then Pizarro (another Spaniard) found the Incas of Peru (another rich and highly civilized tribe) and conquered them.

Front 67

Babylonian Captivity of the Pope

Back 67

There was something called the Babylonian Captivity of the Pope. It was named after a time in the ancient world (approximately 600 BC) when the Jews were captured by the Babylonians and made slaves in Babylon. Rome in the Middle Ages was not a nice place to live–much crime and crud. Soon the popes were taking their vacations in Avignon, a town on the French Riviera. The pope started staying much longer than a vacation should last and soon looked like an absentee Bishop of Rome ruling from the Riviera, so some started calling it the Babylonian Captivity of the Popes (about 1309-1377). The pope started living in Avignon (about 1348-1378), which shook up a lot of Catholics up. Avignon was surrounded by France and the French king gave lots of advice to the Pope. Soon, French popes were getting elected and people start thinking that the French are coercing the pope. All the other countries didn't like the pope being in the French king's pocket, not to mention all the money they were paying to the church possibly getting into French hands! This is in the midst of the 100 Years War, during which the pope favored France. The cardinals asked the pope to return to Rome and the pope refused. So the cardinals plotted and the Great Schism came about.

Front 68

Great Schism

Back 68

the cardinals plotted and the Great Schism came about. A schism is a split. The pope wouldn't come home to Rome so the College of Cardinals got together and deposed him. Then they elected a new pope. The French were backing the old pope (Pope #1–staying in Avignon) and the Germans were backing the newly elected pope (Pope #2). Which was the real one? Which one is the legal pope? It could be a sticky question–if you were married and needed the blessings of the pope, which one do you ask? And which one do you pay the money to? And what if you pick the wrong one and therefore become eligible to be roasted at 480 degrees Centigrade???? Some of the cardinals got together and decided two popes was too many so they deposed both Popes #1 and #2 and elected an old Spaniard (to become Pope #3) who was supposed to resign as soon as the whole thing blew over so they could elect a real one. They had hoped that by electing a 3rd pope, the other two would step down. The German army forced #1 and #2 out of business, but #3 wouldn't resign so the cardinals elected a new one (Pope #4) and everybody ignored the Spaniard (Pope #3) who eventually died.

Front 69

Indulgences.

Back 69

Indulgences. Eternal sin sent you to hell, but it could be taken away by the death of Jesus, if you prayed as you should. Temporal sins (i.e. stealing nickels, lying to your mother) sent you to Purgatory. The church decided it could grant you an indulgence to get rid of your temporal sins. Treasury of Merit was an accounting system in Heaven where somebody did the bookkeeping of good and bad. Because of Jesus and the saints, there was an excess of good things. The church said it could transfer some of the good stuff of others to your column with an indulgence. How do you get an indulgence? It used to be you had to go on a Crusade or Pilgrimage or something equally dangerous to prove that you were worthy. Now that there's an excess of money, the church took an amount that would be approximately equal to going on Crusades, etc. The church would rather have money for buildings and armies than Pilgrimages, anyway. In Catholicism, it takes three things to help you get into heaven: Proper faith/belief, Ceremonies–Seven Sacraments, and Good Works

Front 70

Treasury of Merit

Back 70

Treasury of Merit was an accounting system in Heaven where somebody did the bookkeeping of good and bad. Because of Jesus and the saints, there was an excess of good things. The church said it could transfer some of the good stuff of others to your column with an indulgence. How do you get an indulgence? It used to be you had to go on a Crusade or Pilgrimage or something equally dangerous to prove that you were worthy. Now that there's an excess of money, the church took an amount that would be approximately equal to going on Crusades, etc. The church would rather have money for buildings and armies than Pilgrimages, anyway. In Catholicism, it takes three things to help you get into heaven: Proper faith/belief, Ceremonies–Seven Sacraments, and Good Works

Front 71

Consubstantiation

Back 71

Consubstantiation. In Transubstantiation ("substance across"--Catholicism), the bread and wine literally become the real body and blood of Jesus after a blessing through a miracle. The real body and blood coexisted with the bread and wine. So, in Catholicism, the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. It only appears to be bread and wine. In Consubstantiation ("substance with"--Luther), the bread and wine are real bread and wine, but they soak up the essence of Jesus. In consubstantiation, it is like the body and blood of Christ get mixed with the bread and wine. So, it is still bread and wine. It just has Christ's essence in with it. It sounds very similar, but wars were fought over this distinction. He wrote the church service in German, preached sermons in German, wrote hymns, and read the bible. Generally, religious documents are only written in Latin during this time period, which means normal folks can't really understand what they say. Luther changes this by writing in his vernacular (native tongue–he is German, so his native tongue is German!). He wrote a Catechism (a question and answer book) to teach to the peasants. Catholics eventually adopt their own form of Catechism for teaching purposes.