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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was Risorgimento?
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a movement by a group of growing Italian nationalists who wanted the unification of Italy when Italy was just a geographic expression with north and south parts neither of which was well unified
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What benefit did people see in uniting Italy?
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help for industry
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Why did Orsini (an Italian nationalist) try to blow up Napoleon III in 1854 shortly after he had become emperor?.
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To unite Italy and get attention.
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What happened to Orsini when he was not successful in his attempt to kill Napolean III?
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On his way to the gallows, he appealed to Napoleon III to unite North Italy
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Who was the major Risogimento leader for Italy?
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Count Cavour
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Who is the major architect of Italian unionization?
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Count Cavour
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Tell about Count Cavour's background?
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a local soldier, farmer, banker, and diplomat in Northern Italy who liked the idea of fighting Austria to unite North Italy
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Who founded the Italian newspaper Il Risorgimento?
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Count Cavour
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Who did Cavour want to place as the king of North Italy (he was already king of a section of Northern Italy called Sardinia-Piedmont–he rules there from 1849-1861).
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Victor Emmanuel II (he was already king of a section of Northern Italy called Sardinia-Piedmont–he rules there from 1849-1861).
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Why did North Italy hate Austria?
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Cuz they always had to fight them off cuz Austria liked to capture Northern Italy?
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Why did the Italians have to drive the Austrians out of northern Italy?
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because Cavour wanted an English type of government for Italy, not Austrian
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Because Cavour has no real military power, whose help did he seek to rid northern Italy of the Austrians?
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Napolean III
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How did France (under Napolean III)
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Austria had begun to draft Italians into the Austrian army. These Italians begin to escape to Sardinia-Piedmont (Italy), so Austria declares war on Sardinia-Piedmont and france joins in as an ally.
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Why does France quickly exit the war in Northern Italy?
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Because Napolean is horrified by the battles
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How was Italy able to win the battle against Austria?
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Austria was weakened by its battles with France, so Italy was able to defeat them.
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When was most of northern Italy unified and who ruled there?
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around 1859 and Victor Emmanuel II (former king of Sardinia-Piedmont in Northern Italy)
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What did Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) accomplish for Italy?
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he was a soldier in theRisorgimento movement with super military smarts. He went to South America and put together an army (called the "Red Shirts"). He took them to Sicily and then South Italy. He was victorious and turned South Italy over to Victor Emmanuel II and left.
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Who was responsible for uniting South Italy with North Italy around 1861?
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Guiseppe Garibaldi created the majority of modern day Italy
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When was Victor Emmanuel II declared king of Italy and how long did he rule?
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1861 and he ruled until 1878 about 17 years
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Even after he has conquered southern Italy and united the country, Garibaldi is loyal to Italy and tries to conquer more land to add to it. What did he want to add to Italy that KIng Victor Emmanuel II wanted no part of?
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cuz he wanted to get Rome itself for Italy, but Victor Emmanuel II didn't want to tick off France (who was guarding Rome) by taking Rome at this point
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When was Rome finally made part of Italy?
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Rome was finally annexed into Italy in 1870 (after the Franco-Prussian War)
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When Garibaldi settled down, where did he finally end up
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He was elected as a representative of the Italian Parliament
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What was happening in Prussia in the early 1800s?
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They were doing pretty well. They had rapid industrialization. Berlin was the big city.
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What was desired by some liberals in Prussia?
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civil liberties
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Who was a very important Prussian statesman and the major architect of German unification?
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Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
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What was the Seven Weeks War in 1866 about?
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It was fought between Austria and Prussia. Schleswig-Holstein is controlled by Denmark. Denmark wants to incorporate it, but Schleswig-Holstein doesn't want to be incorporated. Bismarck maneuvers this into a short war so Austria can't take Schleswig-Holstein
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What tactics help keep the 7 weeks war short?
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The heads of the army studied the American fighting in the U.S. Civil War. The Prussians knew the importance of the railroad, telegraph, and new machinery. By using the telegraph, the Prussians could get their troops (via railroad) at the appropriate places much more quickly than the Austrians. Prussia also had the needle gun (circa 1836)
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What made the needle gun better than its predecessor?
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It used something similar to a modern-day shotgun shell. It didn't work terribly well, but the important thing was that it could be loaded from the back (called breech-loading) which was better cuz you could load it while lying down (instead of having to stand up to pack the gunpowder, etc. into the barrel–you make a really nice target while standing up to pack the barrel!).
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What gives a country lots of power?
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Militarism a strong self defense (army navy, etc)
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Did the Austrians get hit hard at the end of the 7 weeks war?
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No Bismark made it pretty easy for them, (he probably wanted to stay on relatively good terms with them: my comment)
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What did the Prussians get at the end of the 7 weeks war?
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The Prussians got Schleswig-Holstein and Hanover
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Who was more powerful at the end of the 7 weeks war Prussia or Austria?
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Prussia
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What was organized by
Bismark in 1867 |
n 1867, Bismarck organizes the North German Confederation (Austria is excluded from it).
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When did Bismark become Chancellor of the North German Confederation?
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1871-1890 was when he was the ruler
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Waht were things like between England and India in the 1800s?
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England had the colonies in India for trade still. India didn't like it, but England put down any revolts.
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What was happening in China and Japan during the 1800s?
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China and Japan were "opened" (for trade) by the Western powers
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What was happening in New Zealand in the mid 1800s
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England opened New Zealand after a ten-year-war
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In the United States, we were having a Civil War of our own from 1861 to 1865. What did the South hope would happen between them and England?
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The south hoped that England would become their ally because of the clothing industry, but the English workers equated themselves with the slaves and were for the North.
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When did Russia sell Alaska to the United States?
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1867
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What did Alexander do for Russia when he became the czar?
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He freed serfs cuz he feared revolution. The serfs were "allowed" to buy land from their lords on the installment plan. There were also some judicial reforms. He saw that Russia could not compete economically with industrialized nations such as Britain and France if they continued with serfdom.
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What caused the Franco-Prussian War from 1870 to 1871?
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Napolean III's foreign policy because the rise of power in Prussia made Napolean III nervous especially when prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Leopold, is convinced to try for the throne of Spain.
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Why did Leopold becoming the king of Spain scare Napolean III and France?
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Because of a possible alliance between Spain and Prussia might have made them more powerful than France and possibly would have led to later problems
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How did France threaten war?
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If Leopold's candidacy was not withdrawn they would declare war
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The candidacy of Leopold was withdrawn, but still resulted in a war between Prussia and France. How did this happen?
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Bismarck used events surrounding this withdrawal to fan the flames in Prussian newspapers to get a war started against France to further unify Germany and weaken France. France declared war against Prussia in 1870.
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What was France's secret weapon during the Franco-Prussian War and what was the problem with it?
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an automatic machine gun with 37 holes. It was so secret that nobody told the French army how to use the gun and they shot over the enemies' heads. causing them to lose the war anywahy
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Who won the Franco-Prussian war?
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Prussia
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What happened to Napolean III after the Franco Prussian War?
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Napoleon III was captured on the border and marched into Paris. After turning over his powers, Napoleon III retired to England until his death in 1873.
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What happened to Prussia after the Franco-Prussian war?
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Lots of German states join Prussia under the name of Germany. The king of Prussia (from 1861) became the Emperor of Germany, Wilhelm I (Wilhelm is German for William, so he is often called William I)
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What did Wilhelm I (William I) ruler of Germany do which really ticked off the people of France?
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he was crowned in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in France while his soldiers were pillaging Paris (really kicks the French while they are down–not smart–now the French want revenge
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What did the German's get from the French
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Alsace and Lorraine
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Who is an amazing strategist and the master practitioner of realpolitik?
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Bismarck's the man. The Germans only get into real trouble when Bismarck is out of the picture
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Give a little background of Wilhelm I and his sons history
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Wilhelm I's son/successor, Frederick III, only lives three months upon taking the throne in 1888. Frederick III's son/successor, Wilhelm II, doesn't see eye-to-eye with Bismarck and doesn't follow his wise counsel. He dismisses Bismarck in 1890. Wilhelm II is Emperor of Germany from 1888 to 1918, though he lives until 1941. Wilhelm II is often referred to as Kaiser Wilhelm. Kaiser is the German for Caesar. His actions lead to World War I
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What were some of the problems with Napolean' III's foreign policy problems?
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1852-1870), Napoleon III His efforts in the Crimean War (1854-1856) were quite costly. In 1859, he went to war against Austria to try to help unite Italy, which wasn't terribly wise as it wound up giving him yet another power to contend with on the European continent.
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What happened with Napolean III's foreign policy in Mexico?
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In 1863, Napoleon III decided it would be good for the archduke of Austria, Maximilian, to become emperor of Mexico. The United States was distracted by our Civil War at the time, but we did not take kindly to French intervention so close to home. We demanded the French leave Mexico (which most Frenchmen did in 1867), but Maximilian refused to go. Mexican Republicans under the leadership of Benito Juarez captured and shot Maximilian in 1867.
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What was the last foreign policy mistake made by Napolean III which cost him the leadership of France?
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In 1870, Napoleon III took Bismarck's bait and was led to declare war against Prussia in July. He was defeated and captured in September of 1870.
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