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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the title, the spirit catches you and you fall down, refer to?
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to the way that Lia Lee's Hmong family understands her epilepsy
Hmong do NOT draw sharp distinction between physical and spiritual disorders in the same way that American ("western") physicians do |
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why did many americans turn to homeopathic medicine in the 19th century?
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popular among urban middle and upper classes
encouraged close relationship between dr and patient => bc it stressed the need to understand symptoms by listening to patient's account of them homeopathic physicians generally well educated => appealed to a well-to-do urban clientele was NOT painful (like allopathic heroic medicine) |
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what % of adults in US used CAM? name 3/6 most commonly used CAM therapies among adults
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almost 40% of adults used some form of CAM
1) nonvitamin, nonmineral, natural products 2) deep breathing exercises 3) meditation 4) chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation 5) massage 6) yoga |
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what are the differences between the ways in which male and female bodies are presented in anatomy texts? give 1 example
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male body = "normal" body
female body = described in terms of how it deviates from the male ex. 1 = "the" abdominal wall is described using references to the penis, scrotum and spermatic cord, w/o any female qualifiers ex. 2 = clitoris is described as homologous to the penis |
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how has the tuskegee syphilis study hampered public health efforts to stop the spread of AIDS among blacks? give 2 examples
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AAs are distrustful of white physicians and of public health officers b/c they were lied to by these groups during the study
has hampered public health efforts to stop spread of AIDS ex. 1 = many AAs believe AIDS is a form of genocide manufactured by government scientists ex. 2 = AAs are unwilling to participate in clinical trials |
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describe teaching of anatomy in european medical schools after about 1300
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students would read a text by MONDINO DEI LUIZZI => then would attend dissection where they listened to professor lecture while body was cut open by surgeon to illustrate the points the professor was making in the lecture
dissection served to illustrate the lecture students did not perform their own dissections dissections were public events, not just for med students |
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what are the 4 main humors and what is their significance in the history of medicine?
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humors = blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
thought to be the basic constituents of the body balance => health imbalance => diseases idea of 4 humors dates back to hippocrates dominated western medical theory until the 18th century |
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what are koch's postulates
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4 criteria that must be met to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease
1) organism can be found in every instance of the disease 2) organism can be isolated and cultured for many generations 3) disease can be reproduced in experimental animals using this culture 4) microorganism can be retrieved from the inoculated animal and cultured |
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what are the differences between the way american doctors and british doctors decide whether or not a treatment is effective?
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BRITISH => better to do nothing than use an unproven and potentially harmful drug; require randomized clinical trials to demonstrate that a treatment is effective
AMERICA => better to do something than nothing; trials w/ placebos are unethical b/c some patients get no drugs U.S. standard of proof for drug efficiency is less rigorous than the British |
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who invented the stethoscope and why did he do this?
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RENE LAENNEC (1816)
believed diseases (like TB) were pathological changes in the tissues of the body there were no clear correlations between the symptoms that a patient was experiencing and the pathological changes in their anatomy stethoscope allowed laennec to "see into" body and gauge the changes in the tissues while the patient was still alive |
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what impact did germ theory have on surgery?
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JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912) => LISTERine cleans mouth
developed earliest techniques of antiseptic surgery after reading pasteur's work (germ theory) => dramatic reduction in surgical and post-surgical mortality rates => made development of more complicated surgeries possible |
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did mickey mantle get a liver so quickly because he was a celebrity? explain
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NO
allocation lists are local => livers go first to patients in a particular region (if no one is a good match, they can be transported to other regions) mantle was in region with generally short waiting times also met criteria for a high priority patient |
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what impact did germ theory have on public health in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
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led to efforts to target specific microorganisms (instead of general attacks on filth)
water filtration projects => designed to eliminate microorganisms that cause cholera and typhoid swamp draining projects => designed to eliminate mosquito vectors that carried malaria educational programs => designed to teach people about germ theory and germ avoidance behaviors |
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why did lia lee's parents refuse to give her the proper doses of prescription medication?
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did not understand the rationale behind the medicines => did not grasp how important the correct dosages were
medicines also had severe side effects => believed the drugs were making Lia sicker |
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why was france the leading site of medical innovation in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
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professions of medicine and surgery were united => all medical students studied surgery
hospitals turned into important sites for teaching and research physicians allowed to dissect the bodies of those who died in hospitals |
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what are two "ensoulment" theories of aristotle and hippocrates?
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ARISTOTLE
- ensoulment happens with conception - father infuses his soul into mother's uterus where his soul takes shape as a baby - soul controls all physiological functions and determines and guides the body of the infant to grow and develop HIPPOCRATES - one seed from each parent fuses and begins to take the shape of an infant - after 40-80 days, the soul is "infused" into the developing organism by God |
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a debate occurs in the 17th and 18th century that surrounds the mechanical means of reproduction. describe the two positions
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SPERMIST = there is a tiny human being in the shape of a sperm cell; everyone was created at the moment of creation when God made Adam, and they were ensoulated as well
OVIST = all human beings that will ever be were first put in the ovaries of Eve |
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eugenics
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notion that cancer, epilepsy, diabetes, alcoholism, intelligence were of genetic origin was widespread
keeping genetically inferior people from reproducing (negative) while encouraging people with good genetics to breed (positive) will result in a better human race and remove societal problems eugenic marriage laws failed too pass (too expensive to implement) other measures of eugenic rationale that were successful: (1) preventing interracial marriages (2) preventing marriages of people with syphilis (3) immigration legislation b/c genetically inferior immigrants (irish and s. europe) were out breeding u.s. sterlization laws made legal; california 1933; early nazi germany eugenics legislation modeled off of u.s. 40's and 50's - shift in study of genetics to plants and animals reformed eugenics mindset => interest in molecular genetics |
