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172 Cards in this Set
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ID: Society of Estates
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What? The division of society into Three estates
Who? The clergy, aristocracy and the third estate When? France under the Ancien Regime (before the French Revolution) Where? France Why? |
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ID: Estates General
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What? was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General. The Borgeoise demand to vote by head, not by estate...demand their members be doubled in number. so instead of 300 of each like it was, the commoners would have 600
Who? French estates of the realm, the Aristrocacy, the Clergy and the common people. When? May 5, 1789 Where? Versailles Why? To adress the concerns of the Third Estate |
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ID: July 14, 1789
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What? (Popular Revolution) Revolt on the Bastille..Symbolic of the people's victory over the monarchy
Who? Parisian militia, (predecessor of the National Guard) Where? Paris Why? to fight the royal authority's handling of the economic crisis Results: Bastille captured, rebellion begins |
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ID: Great Fear
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When? July 20-August 5 1789
What? Rural unrest over grain shortage Who? Fearful peasants across France Why? worsening grain shortage and political instability Where? France |
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Arrange the following 12 Events in chronological order:
Estates General Consulate Reign of Terror Legislative Assembly formed C.O.P.S Declaration of the Rights of Man Abolition of the Monarchy and est. of Republic Napolean Crowned Emperor The Great Fear Storming of the Bastille National Assembly Execution of Louis XVI Battle of Waterloo |
1.Estates General
2. National Assembly formed (1787-91) 3. Storming of the Bastille 4. The Great Fear 5. Declaration of the Rights of Man 6. Legislative Assembly 7. Abolition of Monarch, Est. of Republic 8. Execution of Louis XVI 9. C.O.P.S 10. Reign of Terror 11. The Directory 12. The Consulate 13. Napolean Crowned Emperor 14. Battle of Waterloo 1815 |
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ID: Declaration of the Rights of Man
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What? fundamental doctrine of the French Revolution defining the natural rights of men..based on theory that all men are created equal
Who? National Assembly Where? France Why? as part of the new constitution When? 1789 So What? followed a trend of such declarations modeled after John Locke and developed by Rosseau |
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On what day was Louis XVI executed and how?
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January 21 1793. Louis XIV executed by guilloutine
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ID: January 21, 1973
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What? Louis XIV executed by guillotine
Who? Louis XIV Where? the Place de la Revolution in Paris Why? on charges of treason So what? He was executed as an ordinary criminal and now the Revolution had no choice but to move forward |
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ID: Maximilien Robespierre
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Who? emerged as the main figure of the Committee of Public Safety, elected to the Third Estate in 1789 and became a favorite of the sans-culottes
So What? He was responsibile for pushing the revolution to new extremes and for establishing the Reign of Terror that began in the autumn of 1793. Calling him a tyrant, the Jacobins arrested him and hundreds of his followers and guillotined them on July 28, 1974 |
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When was Maximilien Robespierre elected to the Third Estate?
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1789
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Maximilien Robespierre was a favorite of the _________
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sans-culottes
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ID: Committee of Public Safety
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What? a committee consisting of twelve members entrusted with the executive power of the state
Who? lead by Maximillien Robespierre When? 1793-1794 Reign of Terror Why? so the republican gov't could deal with its enemies they claimed powers that far exceeded those by the French Monarchy in the age of absolutism So What? Although technically subordinate to the National Convention, the C.O.P.S became in effect a revolutionary dictatorship. |
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What were three achievements of the Reign of Terror?
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1. Law of Maximum - set a ceiling on how high price could rise in attempt to stop famine
2. New calendar 3. Levee en Masse (the draft) - previous armies were only mercenaries |
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What were the aims of the Reign of Terror?
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To deal with domestic enemies and foreign invasions
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What were two failures of the Reign of Terror?
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1. Thermidorian Reaction - the conservative reaction to the revolution that all revolutions have
2. The directory - 5 Man committee of leadership that opens the way in 1799 for Napolean |
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ID: September Massacres
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What? a wave of mob violence
Where? Paris When? in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. So What? Shows how the French Revolution spawned a period of civil disorder |
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ID: October Days
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What? Crowd of Parisian women marched to the Royal family's headquarters in Versailles, demanding bread, and escorted them back with several of the king's guards heads on pikes
So? the king displayed that he was subject to the pressures of the people |
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What are four conclusions of the French Revolution as discussed in lecture?
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1. Dramatically weakened the aristocracy
2. Created a meritocracy 3. Old regime dynastic state is transformed into the modern state 4. Ideals of enlightenment put into practice |
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What is a meritocracy?
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is a system of a government or other organization where in appointments are made and responsibilities assigned to individuals based upon demonstrated talent and ability (merit)
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The modern state of The French Republic marked the dawn of which four ideologies?
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1. nationalism
2. liberalism 3. secularism 4. rationalism |
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What 2 "world-changing" modern forces did the French Revolution give force to?
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1. The idea of total war
2. Nationalism - key component of society ever after |
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ID: Napoleonic Code
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What? a single, authoritative written code for all French people
Who? published by Napoleon When? 1804 Where? France Why? to unite the French people So What? it became the basis for the codification of the laws of Switzerland, northern Italy, the Netherlands and numerous other states, also influencing French-speaking North America, even Louisiana bears signs of it today. |
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What ushered in a period of authoritarian rule in France?
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The consulate
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What period did the consulate usher into France?
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a period of authoritarian rule
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ID: The Consulate
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What? France's government
When? 1799-1804 Who? Headed by Napoleon How? Napoleon staged a coup against the directory and the following day France had a new government So What? Restored ties with church, centralized French bureaucracy (power), gave France stable currency, education system and introduced Napoleonic code |
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In what two ways did the Consulate fail?
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1. Failure of colonial plan in North America
2. Renewal of war with england |
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ID: The Empire of Napoleon
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What? It was the dominant power of much of continental Europe during the early 19th Century.
When? 1804-1815 So what? Peace restored in France but it did not uphold ideals of the revolution |
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When was the peak of Napoleon's power?
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1810
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What were three positive things coming out of the Napoleonic Era?
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1. Consolidated the reforms of the Revolution and spread main ideas through Europe
2. Ensured extinction of absolutist monarchy of Old Regime 3. Completed transformation of dynastic state into national state |
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What were four negative things coming out of the Napoleonic Era?
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1. Restored ties with Church and State
2. Napoleon linked the concepts of total warfare and belligerent nationalism 3. Undermined the values of enlightenment 4. set dangerous precedent for future dictators |
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ID: Edwin Chadwick
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Who? was a social reformer, noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and improve sanitary conditions and public health
When? 1800-1890 Where? England |
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ID: Class
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What? A social, cultural and economic relationship defined by environment and living conditions and material consequences of individual's daily interactions with each other such that those conditions and consequences come to form their common identity
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ID: Factory Act of 1833
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What? prohibited the employment of children under age 9 in all factories
So what? Established the idea for Western industrialized countries the principle that early childhood was a period of life set aside for education rather than work. |
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ID: Urbanization
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What? increasing number of peoples in Europe moving from rural areas to urban ones
Who? immigrants mostly When? 1860-1914 Why? depression hit agricultural regions, industrial expansion, new economic oppurtunities So what? the flow of immigrants into Europe's cities sent social and ethnic tensions soaring, there were health concerns and housing shortages, and this trend is continuing to this day. |
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Why did Industrialization happen in England first?
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1. Agricultural Revolution started in England and there was surplus of farmers
2. Raw materials to fuel the continuation of industrialization because of colonial victories over France 3. Colonies as markets 4. Capital from the sale of manufactured goods fueled the price for more machinery |
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What were the consequences of industrialization beginning in England?
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New entrepreneurial spirit in England. English banks and credit were the best
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What were the two major forms of transportation of newly industrialized England? (which came first)
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Canal Networks first and then railroads
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What were the social consequences of the industrial revolution in England?
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Extraordinary, violent growth in Manchester, Liverpool and London
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What were four immediate results of the social impact of the industrial revolution in Europe?
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1. increasing number of people working in dusty factory starting from tender age
2. higher rates of suicide, insanity, crime, divorce 3. Twice as many illegitimate births 4. More youth in cities, lead to riots |
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What man wrote a "Report on Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population", when and why?
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Edwin Chadwick in 1942 to bring attention to the deplorable living conditions in industrialized cities of Europe
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What were the advantages of the working classes over the farmers?
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Higher wages
Higher Rent Better Clothed PROBABLY ha more varied diet |
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What were disadvantages of working class (compared to farmer)?
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Relative insecurity of urban work.
Always in fear of diseases and market fluctuations. |
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ID: Economic Liberalism
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What? Laissez-fare
Who? Ideas of Adam Smith, popularized and refined by David Ricardo So what? associated with libertarianism today |
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Who was most hurt by the industrial revolution?
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Artisans
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ID: Adam Smith
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Who? Scottish Economist who believed in laissez-fare and the division of labor
What? Published The Wealth of Nations So what?The Wealth of Nations, one of the earliest attempts to study the rise of industry and commercial development in Europe, was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics.It also provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade and capitalism, greatly influencing the writings of later economists |
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ID: Utopian Socialists
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What? Blame damages on unrestricted competition. Industrialization + Capitalism ruining people, environment and society, making society more alienating and HYPER competitive and promoting excessive individualism
Who? Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen, Louis Blanc |
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ID: Louis Blanc
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When? 1811-1882
What? Marx-style Utopian Socialist Did not want to start new community, but improve existing society. He wrote political reforms to guarantee worker's rights. So What? His political and social ideas have had a great influence on the development of socialism in France and led to the French Revolutions of 1848 |
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ID: David Ricardo
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He popularized and refined Adam Smith's ideas with the publication of "Principles of Political Autonomy and Taxation"
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ID: Prince Clemens von Metternich
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He was a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign-policy management and a major figure in the development of diplomatic praxis.
So what? Had a major impact on the Congress of Vienna, upholding the ideas of balance of power, he headed the redrawing of Europe |
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ID: John Stewart Mill
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He was an influential Classical liberal thinker of the 19th century whose works on liberty justified freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.
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ID: The Revolutions of 1848
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What? Almost every country in Europe experienced revolution in 1848.
Why? was during a period of widespread economic discontent (bad harvests in 1845-6 and economic recession in 1847) So What? Showed how revolutions spread like wildfires and are easily ignited in times of economic discontent |
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ID: Liberalism
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Economic, political, social theory calling for absolute freedom and sovereignty of individual.
"Away with tradition, people can govern themselves." Governments that govern best govern least |
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The four ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, socialism and nationalism came in the wake of _______
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The French Revolution
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What were the three objectives of liberals?
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1. To establish and protect individual rights
2. The extension of the right to vote to all property owners 3. To promote free trade with other nations and resist government regulation of the domestic economy |
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What type of people gave liberalism its greatest strength? Why?
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The urban middle class: merchants, manufacturers and members of professions.
Because they felt most aggrieved by their exclusion from political life and were eager to have government protect their property....as manufacturers and merchants they had the most to gain from an economy unfettered by gov't regulations. |
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What were "pros" of liberalism?
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Gave people a greater stake in their government; more control
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What were some "cons" of liberalism?
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Had very little social compassion, claimed very little responsibility for poverty.
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ID: Conservatism
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What? political social, & economic philosophy emphasizing tradition and social stability and slow, gradual change if any.
Who? Edmund Burke was the father of conservatism |
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Who was the father of conservatism?
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Edmund Burke
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What were three "pros" of conservatism?
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1. Gave people a sense of stability
2. Gave people Faith in traditions of past 3. Gave the wealthier the ability to rationally resist change |
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What were three "cons" of conservatism?
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1. Allowed continued dominance of the wealthy
2. Did not recognize individual sovereignty 3. Conservative people lacked the courage to change corrupt institutions |
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ID: Idealism
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What? Belief that things or phenomena can be experienced in their IDEAL form
Who? Immanuel Kant was the father of Idealism with the "Critique of Pure Reason", an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. |
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What are "Pros" of Idealism?
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Allowed for an alternative epistemology that took into account spirit, tradition and recognized the importance of historical perspective.
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What are "cons" of Idealism?
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conservatives used idealism to support their opposition to change. "Freedom of the individual is linked to his obedience to the state"
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ID: Radicalism
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Those who seek political reforms that include Revolutionary changes in the social order
Who? Marx & Engels, democrats, communists, socialists, feminists |
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What is a benefit of radicalism?
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The involvement of political participation
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What is a negative of radicalism?
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Inspired fear in the other classes
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ID: Nationalism
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Those who are loyal and devoted to a particular nation, especially if they exalt their nation above all others and try to push its influence on all other nations
So What? Major influence in the two world wars of the 20th century |
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What is a benefit of nationalism?
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Extension of liberal struggle for individual liberty by freeing people from foreign rule (of Napoleon usually)
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What is a "con" of nationalism?
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It counters the ideas of the Enlightenment by subverting the individual under the nation, it is a distortion of history through a mythical national past.
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ID: Domesticity
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What? The identification of women with the private, domestic sphere where labor was intensive
When? 19th century Where? bourgeois society So what? women were denied certain freedoms and rites, they couldn't vote and were owned by their husbands. |
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ID: Gentrification
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What? denotes the socio-cultural changes in an area resulting from wealthier people buying housing property in a less prosperous community.
When? 19th century England |
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ID: Politicization
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is when a social, economic, theological, spiritual, scientific or legal issue becomes a political issue, as a result of deliberate action or otherwise, whereby people become politically active over that issue.
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ID: Sexuality in 19th Century Europe
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Darwin, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer all upheld traditional ideas of female inferiority. Females were COMPLETELY misunderstood.
So what? Culture of 19th century exaggerated male scientific aptitude and underrated female intelligence |
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ID: Pecado nefando
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What? (unspeakable sin) unspeakable act of sodomy
When? 1492 Where? Spanish Inquisition So what? Now they made same-sex relations an offense against the state and punishable by death in most cases |
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ID: Auguste Comte
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Who? was a French philosopher, the founder of sociology and positivism
What? He prompted movement of scientific study on sex deviations and founded positivism - the stage of positive science So What? led us down the road to psychology |
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What is positivism and who was it founded by?
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There was a primitive stage characterized by superstition followed by a religious stage characterized by spiritual science. Now there is a dawn of a new stage of positivism, of POSITIVE science. Positivism is about scientific studies with the purpose of positive improvements to society. Positivism focused on human behavior and pushed us down the road to psychology.
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What aspect of science did positivism focus on?
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human behavior
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Positivism led us down the road to _______
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psychology
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ID: "Psychopathia Sexualis" (psychopathic sex
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Richard von Krafft-Ebing produced startling book where he studied 238 different cases of deviant sexuality. He wrote their case histories but left those in Latin because he felt it was immoral.
He defines all of those individuals with fetishes and deviant sexual attitudes as "perverts". So What??? Leads to explosion (1898-1908) with 1,000 works on homosexuality |
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ID: Rivhard von Krafft-Ebing
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He wrote the Psychopathia Sexuality
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ID: Oscar Wilde Case
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What? Oscar Wilde (40s) got together with Alfred Douglas (20s), son of British aristocrat, Marcus of Queensbury. Marcus discovered this affair and denounced Oscar Wilde. Several trials took place from April 3 1895 until convicted on May 25, 1895. Oscar tried to use the trials as a public form to change the views of homosexuality. But English law says that that one muse maintain discretion of the "private view of sexuality" acts. Oscar Wilde did not use discretion so was sent to hard labor for 2 years and died soon after in 1900. Alfred Douglass got no penalty.
So What? It showed the difference between upper class and lower class homosexuality and that the key is to MAINTAIN DISCRETION |
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ID: Labouchere Amendment
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What? The Labouchere Amendment to the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 in the United Kingdom was named after the Member of Parliament who introduced it to Parliament, Henry Labouchere. It delcared homosexuality illegal and punishable by 2 years of hard labour. This remained on the books until 1967
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ID: Id, Superego, ego
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Elements of the brain's operations meant to explain how the brain processes information. It hinges on the ability of these impulses to float from one level of conscious to the other.
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What is the Id?
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pure, unchecked desire, primitive
Like a baby; wants to eat, sleep, shit, feel pleasure, warmth. |
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What is the Superego?
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Cheerleader of the brain, helps internalize the rules of life and the consequences. Releases the endorphins when you do well on an exam or help someone.
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What is the Ego?
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the moral self, keeps the Id in check. ALWAYS thinks of consequences operating on the "reality principle". The ego develops the defense mechanisms
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ID: Projection
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Projecting one's own feelings on someone else
Example: A husband sees a bitch he wants to have an affair with and goes home and accuses the wife of having an affair |
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ID: Repression
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or simply repression, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, is the involuntary psychological act of excluding desires and impulses (wishes, fantasies or feelings) from one's consciousness and holding or subduing them in the unconscious.
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ID: Libido
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the total psychic energy available to the mind. The mind transfers energy from one form to the other like the univers. It is constantly shifting the balance between the Id, Superego and the Ego.
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ID: Reaction Formation
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reaction formation is a defensive process (defense mechanism) in which anxiety-producing or unacceptable emotions and impulses are mastered by exaggeration (hypertrophy) of the directly opposing tendency.
Example: The older brother is the perfect child and the younger one not so much. the Id wants to hate older bro, the ego says you can't do that so it overreacts to the bad impulse by replacing this feeling with overaggressive love. |
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ID: Rationalization
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It is a defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are explained in a rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation of the behavior or feeling in question.
Example: You did bad on an exam and you rationalize by saying that the teacher was unclear with his expectations to make you feel better about yourself |
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ID: Civilization and its discontents
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Written by Sigmund Freud in 1930. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerates the fundamental tensions between civilization and the individual. The primary friction stems from the individual's quest for instinctual freedom and civilization's contrary demand for conformity and instinctual repression.
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In the Civilization and it's discontents, what are the four escape things from anxiety of life?
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1. Love
2. Alcohol 3. drugs 4. madness |
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What is the fundamental conflict of human societies, according to Freud in "Civilization and its discontents"?
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Between freedom and order
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ID: New Imperialism
What is it? Why did it start? |
New Imperialism was more aggressive and rapid BECAUSE of changes in Europe in second stage. It was a hegomonic relationship with one country politically, economically and culturally dominating the other.
Why did it start? It started because countries needed new places to sell their goods so they wouldn't have working class unrest and proletarian uprising. They were also driven by nationalism So what? marked the dawn of the idea of a global economy, colonies forced into economic dependence that they are still dealing with today. It produced economic insecurity in the colonies and made them vulnerable to foreign invasion. |
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What were four traits of New Imperialism?
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1. Exploitative
2. Immigrants from metropolis did not intermingle with the indigenous population and had more rights as well 3. Hot Wars (wars were fought in the colonies) |
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What were 6 driving elements for New Imperialism?
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1.Nationalism
2. Industrialization 3. Social Darwinism 4. Missionary zeal 5. Scientific curiosity 6. Travel curiosity 7. Geographic competition (climb highest peak) |
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ID: Modernism
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Term applied to artistic and literary movements from the late nineteenth century through the 1950s. Modernists sought to create new aesthetic forms and values.
So what? For many, then, modernist art exemplified the degeneration of Western civilization and thus contributed to a growing sense of cultural crisis |
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ID: Women's Rights
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During the 1800s women in the United States and Britain began to challenge laws that denied them the right to their property once they married.
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ID: Zionism
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What? The ideology of Jewish nationalism, the call for a return to Zion, the biblical land of Palestine
Who? Theodor Herzl published "The Jewish State" in 1896, a call for Jews to build a nation in Palestine So What? was the ideology behind the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 |
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What were three forms of Imperial Control?
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Annexation - total control of governing apparatus
Protectorate - local authorities continue to rule but with advice and support of metropole Spheres of Influence - local controllers continue to rule but recognized special priviledges to membes of the Empire in control |
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What were examples of Annexation?
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Germany and Tanzania
Britain and India |
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What were examples of Protectorates?
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France and Tunisia
U.S.A and Cuba, Phillipines |
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What were examples of Spheres of Influence?
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China, 1910
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ID: White Man's Burden
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A term coined by Rudyard Kipling, it was considered the "white man's burden" to improve the lot of uncivilized nations. It was an ideological justification by Western powers to colonize the world.
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ID: Bismark's System
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Bismarck’s solution was to devise a complex system of alliances to maintain peace throughout Europe, making it mutually beneficial to all of the great powers and therefore protect his newly unified Germany allowing it to strengthen. The intentions of Bismarck’s alliance system seemed to be straightforward, to isolate France, maintain a peaceful co-existence with the other two major conservative powers (Austria and Russia), and to preserve the peace throughout the growth of his alliance system. These became the main objectives of Bismarck’s foreign policy from 1871-1894, and would turn out to be quite the juggling act.
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ID: White Man's Burden
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A term coined by Rudyard Kipling, it was considered the "white man's burden" to improve the lot of uncivilized nations. It was an ideological justification by Western powers to colonize the world.
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ID: Bismark's System
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Bismarck’s solution was to devise a complex system of alliances to maintain peace throughout Europe, making it mutually beneficial to all of the great powers and therefore protect his newly unified Germany allowing it to strengthen. The intentions of Bismarck’s alliance system seemed to be straightforward, to isolate France, maintain a peaceful co-existence with the other two major conservative powers (Austria and Russia), and to preserve the peace throughout the growth of his alliance system. These became the main objectives of Bismarck’s foreign policy from 1871-1894, and would turn out to be quite the juggling act.
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ID: Dreyfus Affair
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The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 1900s. In 1894, on the basis of hearsay evidence and forged documentation, a French military court convicted Captain Alfred Dreyfus of espionage.
It divided the population by their support of Dreyfus. So what? The Dreyfus Affair revealed the strength of anti-republicanism in France, and so drove the Republic's supporters to seize the offensive. The government placed the army under civilian control and removed the Catholic Church from its privileged position in French political life. With these measures policymakers aimed to define France in secular and republican terms. |
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How did the Dreyfus Affair divide France's population in the late 19th century?
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Support for Dreyfus, who was Jewish, became linked to support for the secular and egalitarian ideals of the Republic. The anti-Dreyfusards, in contrast, saw Dreyfus's Jewishness as a threat to France's Catholic identity and argued that to question the army hierarchy was to undermine France's military might.
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ID: June 28, 1914
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What took place? Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrohungarian empire, was assasinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb student and member of Young Bosnia, in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
So What? This began a period of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria–Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain called the July Crisis. Wanting to end Serbian interference in Bosnia conclusively, Austria–Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia, a series of ten demands which were deliberately unacceptable, made with the intention of deliberately initiating a war with Serbia. |
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ID: Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy.
Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any two other great powers, or for Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone. So what? this alliance system led to World War I because each power was obligated to interfere. |
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ID: Triple Entente
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Russia, England, France.
constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. So What? This alliance system led to World War I because each power was obligated to interfere. The Entente heralded the end of British neutrality in Europe. |
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ID: Total War
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Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use their rival's capacity to continue resistance. Almost the whole of Europe mobilized to wage World War I.
So What? Society, industry + army collaborated like never before |
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ID: Schlieffen Plan
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What? The Schlieffen Plan was the German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east. In short, it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating their troops in the west, quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the east to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully.
So What? The use of technology in this case, implemented new military strategies. |
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ID: Mobilization
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Mobilization is the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war.
Civilians were drafted into the army and industries that didn't support the war were pretty much done away with. So What? State had to interfere in the industrial process like never before. |
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ID: Conscription
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What? Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by an established authority. Every European country had drafts for World War 1.
So what? Conscription indicates a tremendous sacrifice taking part for the success of a nation. |
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ID: Trench warfare
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Trench warfare was a form of warfare in which both combatants occupied static fortified fighting lines, consisting largely of trenches, in which troops were largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire and were substantially sheltered from artillery. It has become a byword for stalemate in conflict, with a slow wearing down of opposing forces.
Where? The Western Front in World War 1. So what? Resulted in a stalemate and tremendous waste of life by charges into no mans land. |
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ID: Versailles Treaty
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The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It blamed Germany for the war and took a good portion of its territory and required Germany to re compensate the Allies for the cost of the war.
So What? By punishing Germany instead of renewing international relations, the Versailles treaty sent Germany into a severe economic depression, leaving a bitter population and the ingredients necessary for World War II. |
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ID: Russian Revolution of 1905
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The 1905 Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Bloody Sunday was an incident on January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard. Bloody Sunday was an event with grave consequences for the Tsarist regime, as the disregard for ordinary people shown by the massacre undermined support for the state. The Czar didn't have the troops necessary to snuff out the revolution until the Russian troops returned from the East and squashed the rebellion.
So What? The revolution resulted in the creation of the State Duma of the Russian Empire, a legislative assembly in the late Russian Empire. Also, a multi-party system and trade unions were legalized |
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What were the results of the Russian Revolution of 1905?
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1. DUMA created
2. Trade Unions legalized 3. Political parties legalized |
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ID: Russian Revolutions of 1917
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The Russian Revolution is the collective term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. In the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar) the Czar was deposed and replaced by a Provisional government. In the second revolution of October that year the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government.
So what? |
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ID: Duma
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State Duma of the Russian Empire was a legislative assembly in the late Russian Empire. Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905, Sergei Witte, issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. During the 1917 February Revolution, group of Duma members formed the Provisional Committee, which sent comissars to take over ministries and other government institutions, dismissing Tsar-appointed ministries and later formed the Provisional Government.
So what? It was a product of the Russian Revolution of 1905 |
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ID: Vladimir Lenin
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was the Bolshevik Leader of the 1917 October Revolution, and the first Head of State of the Soviet Union. He moved Russia towards a totalitarian state where every aspect of the nation's life was being organized/run by the state.
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ID: Leon Trotsky
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Trotsky was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Vladimir Lenin. After leading a failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and the increasing role of bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party and deported from the Soviet Union.
So what? Trotsky's ideas remain a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism. |
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ID: Joseph Stalin
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Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union. When he took over he took Russia into an increasingly isolationist policy and stopped trying to spread revolution outside Russia.
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ID: Russian Civil War
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May 1918-November 1920. was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places.
The White army (France, Britian, USA, Germany) sent in to defeat Lenin's Red army and restore democracy So what? The results of the civil war were momentous. Russia had been at war for seven years, during which time some 20,000,000 of its people had lost their lives.With the end of the war, the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar in Russian society, and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. |
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ID: Brest-Livotsk Treaty
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War. The treaty ceded to Germany all of Russia's western territories, containing a full one-third of the population of the prewar Russian Empire. Germany now controlled the imperial Russian territories in Poland, the Baltic states and part of Byelorussa.
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ID: Brest-Livotsk Treaty
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War. The treaty ceded to Germany all of Russia's western territories, containing a full one-third of the population of the prewar Russian Empire. Germany now controlled the imperial Russian territories in Poland, the Baltic states and part of Byelorussa.
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ID: War guilt clause
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Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) is commonly known as the “Guilt Clause” or the "War Guilt Clause", in which Germany was assigned the responsibility for damages caused by World War I. The United Kingdom and France played the primary role in the article, while the United States played a lesser role, mostly due to President Woodrow Wilson's principle of "peace without victory"
So what? By blaming only Germany for causing the war, Article 231 has been cited as one of the causes that led to the rise of national socialism in Germany |
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ID: Benito Mussolini
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Benito Mussolini (29 July 1883 - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
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ID: Fascism
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Fascism is a political ideology that seeks to combine radical and authoritarian nationalism with a corporatist economic system and which is usually considered to be on the far right of the traditional left-right political spectrum.
So what? In a Fascist government, elites remained close to the regime, maintained their wealth and status in exchange for their loyalty. |
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What is the Cult of Personality?
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A charismatic leader
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ID: Crisis of Democracy
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At the time of writing it was standard belief that the "liberal media" had contributed greatly to the recent loss of the United States' war of aggression against South Vietnam, thus the author's fears of a media too willing to report the truth. (The reality of the situation being, of course, that the major media entirely fulfilled their roles as the state propaganda machine during the war and they have continued to do so.) Another condition creating excess democracy can arise when "previously passive or unorganized groups in the population," like "blacks, Indians, Chicanos, white ethnic groups, students and women" become "organized and mobilized in new ways to achieve what they considered to be their appropriate share of the action and of the rewards." A third feared source of excess democracy was the intellectuals whose questioning of official power tended to cause "a breakdown of traditional means of social control" by undermining "those institutions which have played the major role in the indoctrination of the young."
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ID: Fascism
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Fascism is a political ideology that seeks to combine radical and authoritarian nationalism with a corporatist economic system and which is usually considered to be on the far right of the traditional left-right political spectrum.
So what? In a Fascist government, elites remained close to the regime, maintained their wealth and status in exchange for their loyalty. |
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What is the Cult of Personality?
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A charismatic leader
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ID: Crisis of Democracy
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At the time of writing it was standard belief that the "liberal media" had contributed greatly to the recent loss of the United States' war of aggression against South Vietnam, thus the author's fears of a media too willing to report the truth. (The reality of the situation being, of course, that the major media entirely fulfilled their roles as the state propaganda machine during the war and they have continued to do so.) Another condition creating excess democracy can arise when "previously passive or unorganized groups in the population," like "blacks, Indians, Chicanos, white ethnic groups, students and women" become "organized and mobilized in new ways to achieve what they considered to be their appropriate share of the action and of the rewards." A third feared source of excess democracy was the intellectuals whose questioning of official power tended to cause "a breakdown of traditional means of social control" by undermining "those institutions which have played the major role in the indoctrination of the young."
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ID: Fascism
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Fascism is a political ideology that seeks to combine radical and authoritarian nationalism with a corporatist economic system and which is usually considered to be on the far right of the traditional left-right political spectrum.
So what? In a Fascist government, elites remained close to the regime, maintained their wealth and status in exchange for their loyalty. |
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What is the Cult of Personality?
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A charismatic leader
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ID: Crisis of Democracy
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At the time of writing it was standard belief that the "liberal media" had contributed greatly to the recent loss of the United States' war of aggression against South Vietnam, thus the author's fears of a media too willing to report the truth. (The reality of the situation being, of course, that the major media entirely fulfilled their roles as the state propaganda machine during the war and they have continued to do so.) Another condition creating excess democracy can arise when "previously passive or unorganized groups in the population," like "blacks, Indians, Chicanos, white ethnic groups, students and women" become "organized and mobilized in new ways to achieve what they considered to be their appropriate share of the action and of the rewards." A third feared source of excess democracy was the intellectuals whose questioning of official power tended to cause "a breakdown of traditional means of social control" by undermining "those institutions which have played the major role in the indoctrination of the young."
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ID: Mein Kampf
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Mein Kampf is a book by Adolf Hitler. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. Hitler began the dictation of the book while imprisoned for what he considered to be "political crimes" after his failed revolution in Munich in November 1923.
So what? |
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ID: 1923 Beer Hall Putch
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Beer Hall Putch was a failed attempt at revolution that occurred between the evening of 8 November and the early afternoon of 9 November 1923, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler and other heads of the Kampfbund unsuccessfully tried to seize power in Munich. Hitler was given 5-year sentence
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ID: Weimar
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Weimar is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government, named after Weimar, the place where the constitutional assembly took place. Weimar was not supported by Germans mainly because it couldn't solve Germany's economic problems
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Why was the Weimar not supported by the Germans? (4 reasons)
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1. No effective political leadership
2. Political parties on far left and far right took turns revolting against the Weimar 3. Failed miserably to change the ruling structure of Germany and lost support after the Versailles treaty 4. It failed to solve Germany's economic problems |
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ID: Hitler Youth Schools
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The Hitler Youth Schools were designed to nurture future Nazi Party leaders, and only the most radical and devoted members could expect to attend.
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ID: Nuremberg Laws
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The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany which were introduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg. The laws classified people as German if all four of their grandparents were of "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. From September 1941 all Jewish people living within the Nazi empire, including Germany, were required to wear a yellow badge, which had been required in Poland (under German occupation) beginning in 19
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ID: Enabling Act of 1933
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The Enabling Act of 1933 was passed by Germany's Reichstag and signed by President Paul von Hindenburg on March 23, 1933. it transformed Hitler's government into a legal dictatorship.
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ID: Appeasement
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idea of giving him some of what he wants to keep him under control and happy to avoid another generation lost at war.
So what? Appeasement did not work against Hitler and probably gave him more power than he otherwise would have |
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How did the League of Nations fail with appeasement?
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They didn't respond to any of his acts of aggression and, thus, enabled him to continue
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ID: Munich Conference
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The Munich Conference was an agreement permitting German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland.
So what? It was yet another failure of appeasement that enabled Hitler to push forward in his aggression. |
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ID: September 1, 1939
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The German Blitzkreig of Poland that marked the start of World War II. They absolutely crushed Poland.
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ID: April 30, 1945
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Adolf Hitler kills himself in a Berlin bunker
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ID: Battle of Midway
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The battle was a clear victory for the Americans, and usually considered the most important naval battle of World War II. The battle weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy for the rest of the war, mostly because Japan lost more than 200 pilots
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ID: Operation Barbarossa
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Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. It was the largest military offensive in history, and as well as the large number of troops it also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.
So what? Operation Barbarossa is still the largest military operation, in terms of manpower and casualties, in human history.[23] Its failure was a turning point in the Third Reich's fortunes. Most importantly, Operation Barbarossa opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theatre of war in world history. Operation Barbarossa and the areas that fell under it became the site of some of the largest battles, deadliest atrocities, highest casualties, and most horrific conditions for Soviets and Germans alike – all of which influenced the course of both World War II and 20th-century history. |
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ID: European Recovery Plan
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The European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan) was the primary program, 1948-52, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling the threat of internal communism after World War II.
So what? While some historians today feel some of the praise for the Marshall Plan is exaggerated, it is still viewed favorably and many thus feel that a similar project would help other areas of the world. After the fall of communism several proposed a "Marshall Plan for Eastern Europe" that would help revive that region. Others have proposed a Marshall Plan for Africa to help that continent, and U.S. vice president Al Gore suggested a Global Marshall Plan.[82] "Marshall Plan" has become a metaphor for any very large scale government program that is designed to solve a specific social problem. It is usually used when calling for federal spending to correct a perceived failure of the private sector. |
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ID: Warsaw Pact
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is the informal name for the mutual defense Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance commonly known as the Warsaw Pact subscribed by eight communist states in Eastern Europe, that was established at the USSR’s initiative and realised on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw, Poland. It was the Soviet's response to NATO. The Warsaw Pact leaders were always communist and always subserviant.
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What were the three exceptions of countries being subservient to the Soviet Union in the Warsaw Pact? and why?
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Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia. Soviets didn't care enough
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What were three countries where the Soviets had to send the Red Army in to crush rebellions?
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Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
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ID: NATO
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949.
So what? It provided Political Stability |
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What were the first states in Nato?
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USA, Canada, Portugal, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Italy, Britain, Benolux
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What were the first states in the European Coal + Steel Community and when was it established?
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1951. France, W. Germany, Benolux, Italy
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What did the ECSC eventually become and when?
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The European Union in 1992.
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What three things come out of the establishment of the EU in 1992?
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1. The Euro
2. An EU Parliament 3. An EU President |
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ID: ECSC
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European Coal and Steel Community ) was a six-nation international organisation serving to unify Western European coal and steel production. It was the first organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism.
So what? First steps towards continental unity |
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What are three causes of decolonization?
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1. Accelerated process of colonial nationalism
2. The war clearly demonstrated European weakness 3. European strength diminished after war and was forced to seek outside assistance |
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ID: Decolonization
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refers to the undoing of colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction. The term generally refers to the achievement of independence by the various Western colonies and protectorates in Asia and Africa following World War II.
So what? The emergence of the Third World. |
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What were the two models of decolonization and which one worked better?
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the French model and the British model. The French model worked better because it was more responsible
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ID: British Model of Decolonization
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Quick abandonment of colonies (1947-1962) The problems were that the transition to independece was to abrupt. This model was marked by irresponsobility and broken promises. Pakistan and Rhodesia were left with Civil Wars. And the Middle East was left with permanent longstanding problems.. Some bright spots were that English speaking colonies like Canada, Australia and New Zealand did well.
So what? the Arab-Israeli Conflict is a direct result of the British Model of Decolonization |
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ID: French Model of Decolonization
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The French model tried to start colonies off with semi-autonomy before independence. This didn't go well in Vietnam, Laos or Cambodia. This went smoothly in West Africa, not in Algeria though. However, the French model still gave the French long civil wars in Vietnam and Algeria that they couldn't afford.
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ID: Detente
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Détente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. Generally, it may be applied to any international situation where previously hostile nations not involved in an open war de-escalate tensions through diplomacy and confidence-building measures. However, it is primarily used in reference to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s.
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ID: Cold War II
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The period is sometimes referred to as the "Second Cold War"[1] due to the rising US-Soviet tensions and a change in Western policy from détente to more confrontation against the Soviets. Many military conflicts occurred, including Soviet war in Afghanistan, the 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident and the US invasion of Grenada.
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