Modern Era

Front 1

Shabbetei Zvi

Back 1

-Studied Kabbalah

-Thought he was Messiah

-Arrested

-Chose to convert to Muslim instead of being killedStill secretly practiced Judaism

Front 2

Jacob Frank

Back 2

-Polish-Jewish religious leader

-Claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zvi

-Created religion called “Frankism”

-Followers left Judaism to follow “Frankist” religion

Front 3

Moses Hayyim Luzzato

Back 3

-Prominent Italian Jewish rabbi, kabbalist, and philosopher

-Claimed to have powers to hear divine messages

Front 4

Israel Ben Eliezer

Back 4

-Considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism

- (Aka Baal Shem Tov → Master of the Good Name→ miracle worker)

Front 5

“Race Science”

Back 5

scientific techniques and hypotheses to support the belief in racism, racial inferiority, or racial superiority

Front 6

Wilhelm Marr

Back 6

-Coined the term “anti semitism” (League of Anti Semites)

-led fight to overturn Jewish emancipation in Germany

Front 7

Social Darwinism

Back 7

-Natural selection

-Survival of the fittest

Front 8

Karl Lueger

Back 8

Leader of anti semitic group Christian Social Party

Front 9

Edouard Drumont

Back 9

-French journalist

- Founded the Anti-Semitic League of France -------Founder and editor of the newspaper La Libre Parole

Front 10

Alfred Dreyfus

Back 10

-Jewish Captain French Army

- Wrongly accused of giving information to Germans → life imprisonmentEventually his name was cleared

Front 11

The Protocols of Elders of Zion

Back 11

Anti semitic hoax about Jews plan for global domination (Adolf Hitler)

Front 12

Karl Duehring

Back 12

Coined term “to jew” (as a verb)

Front 13

Pale of Settlement

Back 13

-Area where Jews were allowed residency

- (Jews in Russia during 19th century)

- Jews were forced to live in RussiaCoined by Czar Nicholas I

Front 14

Kehillah

Back 14

-Jewish community (Congregation)

- self governing

Front 15

Nicholas I

Back 15

Saw jews as cowards, parasites and going to hell for killing Christ. Referred to jews as “Zhids” (kikes)

Front 16

Military Service Law

Back 16

Nicholas I believed jews should be made soldiers because they would learn Russian and skills and crafts to make them more “useful”

Front 17

“Cantonists”

Back 17

-Cantons were where the children 12 years old who were drafted into army, the kids called cantonists until age 18

- Kids would be mutilated so they wouldn’t have to be drafted (take out an eye, cut Achilles tendon, chop trigger finger)

Front 18

Judah Lieb Gordon

Back 18

Wrote a poem called awake my people. “be a man in the street, and a jew at home”

Front 19

Pogrom (“Riot”)

Back 19

Russian word meaning ‘demolish violently’; attacks carried out by the Christian population against the Jews.

Front 20

May Laws

Back 20

-Regulations Jews of Russia

-Very strict

Front 21

Haskalah

Back 21

-European Jewish Enlightenment Movement

-Sought to reeducate Jews so they could fit into modern societyestablished schools and published works of cultural importance

Front 22

Maskilim

Back 22

Identifier for individuals and ideas of the Haskalah movementIf you follow Haskalah you are a Maskilim

Front 23

Nathan Birnbaum

Back 23

-His life had three main phases;

Phase 1: Zionist Phase

Phase 2: Jewish Cultural Autonomy PhaseIncluded the promotion of the Yiddish languagePhase 3: Religious PhaseTurned to Orthodox Judaism

- Became staunchly anti-Zionist

- He married Rosa Korngut (1869 – 1934) and they had three sons: Solomon (Salomo) Birnbaum (1891–1989), Menachem Birnbaum (1893–1944), and Uriel Birnbaum (1894–1956).

Front 24

Zvi Hirsch Kalischer

Back 24

-Orthodox German rabbiExpressed views, from a religious perspective, in favour of the Jewish re-settlement in Israel

- (predating Theodor Herzl and the Zionist movement)

- Wrote seeking zion, prepare ground for messiah

Front 25

Moses Hess

Back 25

-One of the founders of Labor Zionism

-German-French-Jewish philosopher and socialist

Front 26

Leon Pinsker

Back 26

-Zionist pioneer and activist

- Founder and leader of the Hovevei Zion

Front 27

Hovevei Zion

Back 27

-Organization that is considered foundation-builder of modern Zionism

- Founded by Leon Pinsker

- Lovers of Zion

Front 28

First Aliya

Back 28

-First wave of Jews who migrated to Palestine -----Consisted of 25,000–35,000 Jews from Eastern Europe and Yemen

Front 29

Theodor Herzel

Back 29

-Father of modern political Zionism

- Formed the World Zionist OrganizationPromoted

-Jewish migration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state (Israel).

Front 30

Ahad Ha’am (Asher Ginsberg)

Back 30

Founded concept of Cultural Zionism

Front 31

Cultural Zionism

Back 31

-Values Jewish culture and history (language and historical roots) rather than other Zionist ideas such as political Zionism.

- Concept founded by Asher Ginsberg(Ahad HaAm)

Front 32

Second Aliya

Back 32

-20,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine from Russia

-Aliyah in Hebrew means returning to the ancient Jewish homeland

Front 33

Aaron David Gordon

Back 33

-ZionistImmigrated to IsraelPart of Second Aliyah

- Spiritual leader of the Palestinian

-Jewish labor movementFounded Hapoel Hatzair, a movement that set the tone for the Zionist movement for many years to come

Front 34

Rachel Levin

Back 34

-1st Jewish woman to establish herself as an important intellectual and political figure in a German culture dominated by Christianity

- Converted to Christianity

- Hated being Jewish

Front 35

Impact of Emancipation of the Jews

Back 35

“Emancipation" was a social contract that granted equal rights to Jews who, in turn, pledged to reshape themselves and their religion in ways that would make them “worthy” of citizenship, acculturating themselves to the society in which they lived, this occurred for jews living in eastern european countries for the most part, it mean giving civil rights to jews. Not all Jews but Jewish men of a high enough social class

Front 36

German Jews

Back 36

-Germany had highest population of jews outside of eastern europe.

-German antisemitism in the 1800s was fueled by zionism and german unification. Zionism sought the restoration of a Jewish homeland by creating a Jewish state in Palestine. As Zionist leaders, groups and texts emerged they called for greater Jewish unity and co-operation to achieve their goals. The growth of Zionism led to fanciful conspiracy theories that Jews were engaged in an underhanded plot to take over the world.

-The push for German unification was another fertile ground for hateful anti-Semitism. During the mid-1800s there was no single German nation but a cluster of two dozen German-speaking kingdoms. Many nationalists wanted these kingdoms to unite to form a greater Germany, a nation that would rival the economic and military power of Britain, France and Russia

Front 37

Russian Jews

Back 37

-Jews given citizenship in Russia in 1917

-May Laws

- Pale of settlement occurred in Russia from 1800-1917. This was the term given to the territories of the Russian Empire in which Jews were permitted permanent settlement.

- A pogrom is the organized massacre of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe. This violence along with the inability of Jews to see a flourishing economic future in Russia and Eastern Europe led to the Great Immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe to the US. 22 million Jews moved from Eastern Europe to the United States in early 1900s.

Front 38

Racial Anti-Semitism

Back 38

-With the development during the last third of the nineteenth century of technological progress and scientific knowledge, especially about human biology, psychology, genetics, and evolution, some intellectuals and politicians developed a racist perception of Jews.

-These new "antisemites," as they called themselves, drew upon older stereotypes to maintain that the Jews behaved the way they did—and would not change—because of innate racial qualities inherited from the dawn of time.

Front 39

Political Anti-Semitism

Back 39

-Russia’s anti-Semitism was state regulated, with its imperial family active participants. For example, when he was appointed to the position of governor general of Moscow Alexander III’s brother, Serge Alexandrovich, expressed his willingness to take the post as long as he was able to remove Moscow’s Jews. In 1891, 20,000 Jews were expelled from Moscow

- German Jews faced similar persecutions culminating in the holocaust under Hitler’s Nazi rule that saw a systematic dehumanization of Germany’s Jewish population. A series of Nazi-sponsored laws stripped them of their 3 rights and dignity, culminating in the “final solution” in which they attempted the genocide of Europe’s Jews.