Modern Egypt Midterm

Front 1

Abbas Hilmi I

Back 1

Mehmet Ali successor, allowed British to build rail line linking Alexandria to Cairo, line owned and operated by Egypt

Front 2

Sa'id

Back 2

Mehmet Ali 2nd successor, close friend of Ferdinand de Lesseps, encouraged Europeans to settle in Egypt, capitulations, started borrowing from Egypt (Big Mistake)

Front 3

Ferdinand de Lesseps

Back 3

Persuaded Sa'id to let him set up company to dig canal, British not interested in buying shares in French canal (bc of their rail line)

Front 4

Khedive Isma'il

Back 4

invested in public schools, bridges, canals, roads etc.

Front 5

Financial Crisis

Back 5

Khedive Isma'il's time, civil war cotton, 1875 Egypt sells canal shares to Britain, Dual Financial Control

Front 6

Khedive Tawfiq

Back 6

realized he was trapped btw Euro military might and growing Muslim-Egyptian nationalism after Dual Control started, sided w/ Europe, expelled agitators and closed radical newspapers

Front 7

Ahmad Urabi

Back 7

Led 1881 petition to improve conditions for military, Tawfiq then replaced war minister, when this was reversed Urabi led massive revolt

Front 8

Urabi Revolt

Back 8

after reversing replacement of war minister, massive revolt, Tawfiq dismissed cabinet, strengthened assembly, grew army, approved drafting constitution, Urabi considered nationalist hero

Front 9

Failure of Urabi Revolution

Back 9

Urabi failed to gauge determination of Europe to safeguard its interests, British invade and capture Cairo, Urabi tried and exiled, Tawfiq put back on throne, more pro-British gov takes place of nationalist one,

Front 10

British Occupation, end/after Tawfiq

Back 10

Cromer sent, wanted it to be short, restore order and financial stability, Tawfiq's son takes over when he dies, tries to show his independence, Cromer shuts it down quick, making it clear who is in charge

Front 11

Mustafa Kamil

Back 11

was Khedive Abbas spokesman, devoted life to expelling British, did not view violent revolution as best way to expel British, was Euro trained lawyer, thought persuasion was best

Front 12

Abbas & Kamil split

Back 12

Abbas started to favor British, not wanting to share his power w/ a parliament, Kamil forms his own newspaper, split in 1904 after France agrees not to push Britain for an exact date to leave Egypt, marriage dispute issue finally ended it, Abbas cared about his friends, Kamil cared about public opinion

Front 13

Egyptian Grievances to Cromer

Back 13

Europeans: saved from bankruptcy, expanded Nile irrigation, westernized, ended gov corruption. Egypt: not advancing towards self-rule, used to serve British imperial interests

Front 14

Taba Affair

Back 14

1906

Front 15

Eldon Gorst

Back 15

Cromer replacement, was more willing to put Egyptians in charge and prepare them for self-rule

Front 16

Kamil Dies

Back 16

Farid, his replacement, not as charismatic, party splits bc people want different things

Front 17

Brit suppression of nationalists under Gorst/Kitchener

Back 17

required newspapers to be liscenced, offered to extend Suez deal for 40 years to give cash infusion to Egypt, etc on Kitchener card

Front 18

Kitchener

Back 18

replaced Gorst, took hardline on dissidents, did try to improve conditions for Egyptian peasants, lenders can't take their last bit of land, started agricultural cooperative banks and then Ministry of Agriculture

Front 19

WWI

Back 19

British cut all ties btw Ottomans and Egypt after Ottomans join Germans, Egypt now British protectorate, right after war anger in Egypt explodes over British control

Front 20

WAFD

Back 20

Sa'd Zaghlul, sent delegation to postwar peace conference, British refuse to meet w/ them

Front 21

Sa'd Zaghlul

Back 21

sent WAFD, French trained lawyer, fav of Cromer, opposed Gorst & Kitchener,

Front 22

British refuse to meet WAFD

Back 22

PM Rushdi resigns, no one in charge, widespread chaos, women in demonstrations for first time

Front 23

4 points general

Back 23

1922 British end protectorate when Allenby returns to Cairo, British narrow their interest to protecting strategic interest, not reforming Egypt, political independence weak, cultural independence flourishes

Front 24

Four points 1

Back 24

Security of B rit Empire Commo in Egypt, Telegram cables connecting London to India via Egypt

Front 25

Four points 2

Back 25

Egypt's defense against foreign aggression or interference, Britians responsibility to protect Egypt, ESPECIALLY the Suez

Front 26

Four points 3

Back 26

Protection of foreign interests and minorities in Egypt, minorities kept economy going, especially in financial sector and modernization/development

Front 27

Four points 4

Back 27

Status of the Sudan, all about the Nile

Front 28

1923 Constitution

Back 28

Written by Egyptian scholars, based on Belgian const, British supported it and agreed to end martial law

Front 29

Sa'd Zaghlul post constitution

Back 29

named PM, faced cahllenges from King Fuad and terrorist nationalist groups, resigns after terrorists kill governor of Sudan and Allenby demands money, appology, etc. Fuad appoints cabinet of his own men, 1st era of Wafdist rule ends

Front 30

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Back 30

1936, Brits and Egypt worried about fascist Italy, after King Fuad dies serious negotiations begin, Brits reduce # troops, recognize Egypt independence, work to include them in League of Nat, Egypt accepts Brit control of Suez for 20 yrs and allowed troops to remain in Cairo and Alexandria

Front 31

Period of the governors

Back 31

1st century of Ottoman conquest, 2 classes: Askeri-mil elite, beuracracy, Ulema, not taxed, Reaya class everyone else

Front 32

Mamluk period

Back 32

breakdown of central state authority, social structure, makluks rise as warlords

Front 33

Household period

Back 33

Tax farming causes fiscal base to crumble, mamluks made large endowments to show how Muslim they were

Front 34

Napolean

Back 34

turns to Ulama and Sufi leaders, first printing press, french major contribution is to discovery of ancient egypt

Front 35

Mehmet Ali

Back 35

Founder of modern egypt, centralizes power, eliminates tax farming, invests in infrastructure and industrializationl