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76 Cards in this Set
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What factors contributed to the fall of the Ming dynasty and the creation of the Qing dynasty?
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Internal Factors:
-weak military because the Chinese looked down on soldiers as a profession (neo-confucianism) -most of the bureaucrats was preoccupied with managing waterways -ming wall (great wall of china) was the only main defence against mongol invasion, but they were able to get past it by bribing a guard for one of the gates -peasant rebellions overthrew the dynasty, not the Manchu's (they took over later) -social economic unrest in the 1630-1640's External Factors: -Manchu were rich thanks to payoffs from the Ming and trade with the Ming for luxury export products like clothes -8 banner armies were horse based, centred on local clans and highly effective |
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What problems did the Manchu's have to overcome in the creation of the Qing dynasty?
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-created a parallel bureaucracy in Manchu and in China
-imposed the Manchu military on the Chinese system (8 banner armies) -how to overcome the ethnic divide and residual loyalties to the ming dynasty -how to overcome the manchu/chinese ethnic divide -had to bribe/kill all remaining fighters in the Ming armies |
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Describe the characteristics of Choson Korea?
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-korea adapts neo-confucian values, making it a mirror of china
-was originally quite egalitarian (especially with women's rights) but became more suppressive after confucianism was introduced -civil war in korea in 1360 of loyalists to the old chinese dynasty and the loyalists to the new one (pro-mongol empire wins and chosen dynasty unifies the country) -introduction of chinese examination system and focus on education (rejects ming but likes their ideologies) -same hierarchical structure as china -japanse imperial expansion into korea led to them asking the qing of help -koreans stayed loyal to the qing despite the ming takeover (distrusted the barbarian mongols and feared they were going to turn them into a vassal state) -adapted things of chinese culture, politics, written language etc -thought of themselves as the last neo-confucians -least hospitable to imperialists -refused to "open up" until china did -legitimacy crisis of government led to civil wars |
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What was the crisis of the 19th century in Choson Korea.
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-crisis between reform-minded officials and established upper class (yangban) interests
-growth of the middle class (wanted reform to reduce stigma on them, catholicism appealed to them -arrival of western influence in japan and china was the catalysts for revolution -disliked the japanese (especially japanese imperialists) for their bastardized version of neo-confucianism; but were militarily forced into a treaty with them in 1867 (end of traditional neo-confucianism in korea and a move towards modernization) -rigid enforcement of neo-confucian ideals that didn't fit in modernizing society -merchants viewed as second class which impacted trade negatively -lack of merchant force made it near impossible to modernize quickly -bad harvests led to public unrest which was not addressed by leaders in the cities -no strong leadership in the late 18th century -rebellion started by intellectuals who were influenced by radical leftist western thinkers (communism) and tradition Buddhist and Confucian thinkers (anti-imperialist and anti-western) -gabo reforms were originally planned to modernize korea independently but when the japanese took control, their reforms made korea a productive colony, not healthy country |
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Describe the creation of a unified Tokugawa Japan. What did this new society look like?
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-1336-1573 "warring states period" internal division
-emperor in place but essentially powerless -shoguns (military generals) fought each other for power and territory -the tokugawa shogunate became the most powerful and assumed military control over japan in 1603 -tokugawa shogunate was a great fighter but also knew when to make compromises -was in power for almost 260 years -you were only loyal to the person directly above you in the pyramid, which meant a lack of centralized state control (like medieval feudalism) -diamyos (states within japan ruled by a head shogunate who was personally loyal to the emperor) -bureaucrats took control over their local governments -peasants stayed producing food in the countryside (registration system) -samurais were loyal to their local diamyos -confucian relationship hierarchies with soldiers at the top, traders at the bottom, and lots of people (prostitutes, priests, celebrities etc) that didn't fit anywhere -persecuted christians |
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Describe the foreign spheres of influence in China in the early 18th century?
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-mostly indirect control such as through ownership of the railways and assumed control of port towns
-only imperial control was over Taiwan by the Japanese -opium wars -sino-japanese war -japan was a role model for modernization and interactions with foreign powers |
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How did Vietnam become unified under one ruler? What was the state of the new country?
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-"the defeat of the tay sons led to the founding of the nguyen dynasty. when the french seized control the dynasty was only en empty shell"
-trinh and nguyen competing over divided vietnam -people suffered from misgovernment, political division, taxation, corruption and privatization of communal land -military government in control (Le emperor was a figurehead) -tay son rebellion (brothers robin hood act against the encroaching Trinh, took over the whole country) -defeated chinese warlords who wanted vietnam to pay tribute to them -established a military government and neo-confucian values -corrupt government (Tay son) -didn't finish the final push southwards because there was no clear heir, so the Nguyen finished the unification by pushing south -removed anyone who came to power during the Tay Son (highly effective) -poverty, heavy taxation and heavy conscription for infrastructure projects -imperial city built in Hue -divided into 3 so its easier to rule (tonkin in the north, annam in the middle, cochin in the south) |
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What factors led to the shift from Tokugawa to Meiji rule in Japan.
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-natural limits couldn't support population growth; failing crops and disease, topsoil erosion, severe famine
-social tensions between famers and the wealthy cities -famines seen as heavenly support for the tokugawa being revoked -corrupt shoguns living luxurious lives -peasant revolts -intellectuals increasingly began to look to outside books and sources of knowledge, which led to them questioning tokugawa rule -looked to what was happening in China and realized they should change -no clear succession for the shogun -treaty with america showed tokugawa weakness -shoguns and samurai's in the south rebelled because they wanted to have imperial rule/participation in politics -1867 the tokugawa peacefully resigned when the rebells gained enough power -new system had the emperor as a figurehead, with the power resigning in two layers of lower government, with the samurai making up the democrats -crisis of succession weakened authority of tokugawa -hatred for the west drove the rebellion -religious fervour in the public at this transition (riots in the streets showed tokugawa order was failing) -western ports opening drove up rice prices, leading to more public unrest -british supplied the rebellion with arms because they wanted influence in the new government |
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What was the opening of Japan? What factors made it happen?
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-US westward expansion (bases in san francisco after California becomes part of the US) made expansion into asia more of a priority
-japan was a target mostly just as an entrance point to china (were originally not interested in trading with japan outside of water and coal) -wanted japan to obey international law (help shipwrecked people) -Matthew Perry expedition to japan in 1958 -realized they were in no condition to compete with the american ships/weapons -opium wars in china (resisting the west doesn't work) -wanted to modernize on their own terms -americans brought examples of modern technology -both powers don't think they could win a war, so they come to a strategic peace -opening of ports to US ships (first 2 then 8) -was a result of the opium wars and other western treaties -end of the Tokugawa policy of seclusion -undermined the authority of the Tokugawa -opium wars opened chinese ports to western boats, increasing the threat on japan |
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What was the Meiji restoration?
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-increased openness to the west
-destroyed the old system and created a centralized state, removed old class restrictions, equal opportunity -was not really radical or drastic in daily practice -return to imperial rule, although the real power lay within the government, not the emperor -tokyo becomes the new capital, where the emperor lived -tried to implement western ideas of technology, state organization etc in Japan (modernizing) -"self-strengthening" anti-west ideology -not trying to restore japan to traditional values -nationalist revolution; pride over success of defeating the tokugawa -urgency to catch up with the rest of the world -while the people agreed with modernization, they disagreed on which forms of modernization to adopt, so there were riots -feudal system stayed in place essentially, now with the emperor at the head -call for internationalism and "self strengthening" -principal need was for the government to consolidate its power and be able to effectively collect taxes -reduce pay of the samurai to cut back government spending -forced military service (unpopular with peasants) |
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In what ways did Japan modernize after their encounter with Perry?
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-abolished the daimyo system (surrendered lands to the central government in exchange for $$)
-abolish old class structure (no longer mattered where you were born/into what class); samurai lost in this deal -western legal system (banks, infrastructure) -modernized the army along western military ideals -mandatory schooling for boys and girls in US model (created a youth that was obedient to the emperor) -shintoism becomes official religion |
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Describe the self-strengthening movement in China.
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-borrow from the west to strengthen yourself against them
-began with a focus on modernizing militarization, internal relations and then expanded to transportation, communications, mining and then finally industrialization -"confucian pragmatism" -use barbarian techniques against the barbarians -preserve traditional values while adopting math and science from the west -sent students abroad and brought in foreign specialists (established special schools) -focus in education was still on traditional works (exam system still in place) -new national companies were exploited for economic gains more than for the benefit of the countries modernization |
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Describe the factors that led to the end of the dynastic system in China (Chinese Revolution).
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-"Qing was in slow decline over the 19th century, and the attempt at reform was too late and too little.there was a flowering of political ground in outlying political colonies within china and these took popular power"
-foreign influence (opium, indirect control, threat of western powers) -intellectuals lose faith in the emperor's ability to compete with foreign powers and modernize -at first slow constitutional and examination reforms, in 1908 but no real changes -national armies were underfunded and unprepared -local armies created under provincial rulers control (when the government collapses, power shifts to these commanders, leading to civil war) -political movements started in treaty ports (western educated intellectual radicals; marxism, socialism etc) -revolutionaries started uprising after security cracked down on them in response to a bomb going off in a house -domino effect of armies siding with the revolutionaries; demanded political reforms -qing resigned their post (ended dynasty) in exchange for a payout from Yuan Shikai -Yuan Shikai took over as provisional governor (military ruler, not any better) -long term leases were granted to foreign powers, which was a sign of government weakness (increase foreign spheres of influence) -boxer rising was in protest of foreign powers -foreigners controlled most of the industry and trade -abolition of the examination system; attempt to save the dynasty at the last second -increased western education in compulsory schools led to revolutionary thoughts in students -government tried to nationalize the railways, but could only do so by obtaining foreign loans, which outraged the public - sparked the rebellion |
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Describe the effect foreign influences had on Vietnam.
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-didn't adopt chinese characters for writing
-tried to maintain national identity by not allowing other powers in, while learning from a distance -when the Nguyen came into power they kicked out all french missionaries (excuse for french imperialists to come in to "protect" the french from persecution) -vietnam was open to learning from the west -adoption of the literacy campaign -adaptation of christianity with aspects of confucianism -declared french "protectionist state"; left central government in power, but controlled foreign affairs and had all the real power -french schooling system introduced (read anti-imperialist french literature) -russo-japanese war was an inspiration because it was an asian country beating a western power -chinese republic system becomes the new model -french trying to make up for losses in the franco-prussian war -maintainance of enough police and military force within the country to crush any uprising -use of intimidation and force to overwhelm the host country -allow opportunities for local people to advance in low level government positions as a reward for adhering to the new colonial organization of things -growing nationalist movement led to violence -formation of large french land holdings -exploited workers for cheap labor -built industry/railways only so long as it benefited them -improvement in medicine and agricultural output -lack of unifying principle/ideology among the educated rebels in vietnam -sent students abroad to learn -selective borrowing from the west -cultural radicalism, not political radicalism |
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What factors led to increased militarism in Japan on the verge of WWll?
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-population boom
-nationalism -reliance on import goods -imperial aspirations |
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Compare and contrast the neo-confucian hierarchical relationships in Japan vs. in China.
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China:
1) educated/aristocracy 2) farmers and artisans 3) traders 4) soldiers Japan: 1) Soldiers and Educated 2) Farmers 3) Artisans 4) Traders |
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What was the Ming dynasty?
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-1364-1634
-centralized state -capital in Beijing -imperial state with the emperor in the top -emperorship passed on hereditarily -emperor sat atop a small, but well organized bureaucracy -below the beurocracy were the Chinese people, who were loyal to their local beurocrat, who was loyal to the emperor (Confucianism) -had to pass tests to get into the burocracy, which made those in power (although technically open to anyone) actually remain almost always within the same powerful families that could afford tutors |
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In what ways was Vietnam linked to/influenced by China?
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-vietnamese people mainly came from southern china
-forbidden city was built as their capital (chinese style) -used the chinese style 6 ministries for organizing the bureaucracy -chinese/vietnamese traditions combined (gave women more rights than in china) -vietnamese legal code copied the chinese one -8 legged essay structure studied for exams |
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Who were the Jurchen?
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-originally come from mongolia
-tribal lifestyle (no real cities) -linguistically related to the Japanese and Mongols -nomadic society -horse culture -Manchu were a subset of the Jurchen, but defined themselves as separate |
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Describe the external relations of the Tokugawa Japanese period in it's height.
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-attack on korea in 1600, because the tokugawa needed a place to send all the soldiers that had been used in the civil war to blow off steam
-anti christian policy (ban on studying abroad, execution and persecution of 1000's of christians) -import and export bans -internal protection through external restriction |
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Describe the Meiji political system. What were the problems with it?
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-from 1866-1889 the transitional government was in power and manipulated the emperor, and did whatever they wanted to do essentially
-wanted a constitutional government, not a self-appointed one -modernization was hardest on the townships, so they didn't take kindly to the new government policy (led to rebellions; satsuma rebellion) -constitution looked like it was god given to the emperor, but was actually written by the transitional government -established emperor as sacred heart of the state -diet (parliament) -lower house (by popular election) -upper house (by imperial appointment) -cabinet with prime minister (executive branch), accountable to emperor, not parliament -parliament decides who becomes prime minister |
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Describe the internal state of Japan as a result of the Meiji restoration (modernization).
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-no ties to land meant famers moved into the cities to work in factories (less hands making more food)
-needed to start importing food -foreign money from tea and silk trade was used to purchase technology which led to industrial revolution -mix of east and west building styles -modernize transportation (railways, horse drawn trolleys as well as traditional rickshaw runners) -coal export was huge -emergence of conglomerates -national self-esteem as a result of rapid modernization and overall rising living standards -samurai lost the most (their land and status) -satsuma rebellion was the last samurai stand -people wanted a more representative government, not just chosen from the elites (western democracy); only 1.1% of people had the vote -send students overseas to study and brought in experts -creation of ministry of education -education system fostered loyalty to the emperor above local authorities -government invested heavily in economic infrastructure to jumpstart the economy -agriculture became more productive thanks to fertilizers and modernization -built railroads -private companies took control of industry (samurai class) and gained tremendous power -universal conscription made everyone effected by modernization |
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Describe the external policies of Japan as a result of the Meiji restoration.
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-sent missions abroad to learn from foreign powers
-forced Korea open in 1876 with warships (like perry did to them) -took over Taiwan to make up for the abandonment of the Korean mission (showed military strength) -sino-japanese war -russo-japanese war -decided against going fully to war with korea after it sent scholars abroad and they decided the japanese military was not prepared |
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Describe the New Republic of China.
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-headed by Yuan Shikai
-messy provisional government -finances a mess -doubtful army loyalty -public dissatisfaction with change -local governments claiming independence -loyalty to the Qing -no unifying ideology (neo-confucianism) -Yuan Shikai declares himself emperor (went against the idea of being legally elected) -heavy debt to foreign powers, and foreign influence -party system was created, but positions were only appointed to Yuan Shikai's members, so a farce -voting system was unfair (1% of people could vote) -political instability (assassination of new PM and outlawing of Sun Yat-sen's party the Guomindang) |
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What were the Chinese Opium wars? How was it telling of tensions between china and the west?
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-came from abroad in britain
-needed a product the chinese were willing to trade for because they needed tea and silk -made possible by official corruption and lack of trade regulations -chinese isolationism -china and the west had incompatible world views -Maccartney mission to china was a failure -particularly appealing to soldiers and government officials who could afford it -led to a huge outpouring of silver (destabilizing the economy) -"powerful friend or a powerful enemy" -showed that resisting was not an option, and signalled that change was necessary -treaty of nanjing ended chinese isolationism |
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Describe the declining state of the Qing in the late 19th century.
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-government leadership was inadequate
-closing of the grand canal cost thousands their jobs -famine, poverty and corruption led to banditry and armed uprising -Taiping rebellion was the biggest threat, and biggest bloodshed (over 20 million killed) -taiping was pseudo-christian and centred on strict morality and equality (appealed to the impoverished) -failure of leadership and hypocrisy led to the tailing's failure to overthrow the qing -superior organization of qing army (paternalistic and well paid) -weakened by the western encroachment (opium) - |
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What were the Meiji reforms?
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-trying to clean up the mess they made in taking over from the Tokugawa
-increased openness to the west in matters small and large -self strengthening movement -embraced modernization and militarization -preserve some traditional aspects, like the symbolic emperor, for continuity of old with new -created a centralized state** -ban on christianity lifted -eliminated class lines and legally opened all careers to men -"aristocratic revolution" from above -eliminated the samurai elite as a privileged class |
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Describe the rise of communism in China?
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-may 4th movement showed the chinese desire for a more prominent role in the world sphere (wanted to be treated as equals)
-theory that imperialism was the last stage of capitalism -marxism appeared in china after the russian revolution (they wanted a world revolution and thought china was next in line) -promised to solve chinas ills -chinese communist party formed (very small membership at first) -had to partner with the Guomindang for support -focus on urban labor movements first (strikes) -wanted stricter control over the people through regulation -bankers financed Chiang Shai-kei so he would drop the communist party (wanted a national revolution, not a social one) -Guomindang broke with the communist party in a bloody divorce (communists went into hiding) -failed because the communists neglected the peasants in the fields, focused too much on the cities -national government (Guomindang) continued the northern movement and came into power |
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What were the symptoms of the fall of the Ming empire?
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-end of the 17th century
-had sent armies into mongolia and to fight off the japanese invaders in korea which has been a huge financial burden on the government -government undermined by corruption, divisiveness and incompetence -no political restructuring -central government made too many concessions to the gentry, which pissed off the local elites (gave them tax free land etc) -lack of funds = neglected public works -sold of grain stores for emergencies -couldnt pay any of its soldiers -desperate en formed outlaw gangs that gradually coalesced into full fledge rebellion forces |
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Describe the formation of the Qing Empire.
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-great wall of china was built by the ming to keep out the mongols and jurchens
-manchu empire emerged from manchuria -eight banner armies -claimed to be the legitimate successor of the old dynasty after they rode into beijing -the peasants had overthrown the ming, the qing had come in and cleared out the peasants -tried to intertwine the traditional manchu and qing political/government structures (ex. assembly of marchu princes and the traditional chinese 6 ministries working together) -bloody geurilla warfare of rebels and loyalists -forced their manchu hairstyle on the chinese -manchus maintained a fully separate culture to the chinese even after the formation of the qing empire (different food, no foot binding, no intermarrying etc) -china was divided into 18 provinces, which were further subdivided |
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Describe the interaction between Chinese and Manchu practices in Qing china.
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-creation of banner armies in china to mirror manchus-manchus maintained a fully separate culture to the chinese even after the formation of the qing empire (different food, no foot binding, no intermarrying etc)
-closing of manchuria to chinese immigration -maintained a strict balance of the two in central administrative posts -all spoke local chinese |
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Describe the Ming Empire in the 18th Century.
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-had gone from 40 years of hardship after the formation of the qing (war, famine, disease, population decline, cold weather etc) into new population and economic hights
-by the end of the 18th population was 300 million, more than double what it had been in 1600 -all around improvement in standard of living -improved life expectancy -increased food production due to improvements in farming like better irrigation, fertilizers, seeds etc -economy expanded due to growing population (more demand for non-necessity goods like tea and tobacco) -manufacturing boom due to chinese porcelain and silk exports among others -beijing was the worlds largest city (despite the country on whole being predominantly agricultural) -danger of population growth being unsustainable on the land -deforestation to keep up with growing demand -environmental crisis ended the 18th century |
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Describe the decline of the Ming dynasty.
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-expensive military campaigns beyond the bounds of china proper
-natural and financial resources were being exhausted -laxity and corruption rendered the government less effective and more expensive -white lotus rebellion -civil service couldn't keep up with the population growth -not enough meaningful jobs for those who failed the examination system |
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Describe Choson Korea
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-claims autonomy from china but greatly borrows from their cultural practices
-examination system -confucianism -style of dress, patterns for high culture, confucianism (great tradition) and the local korean traditions are (small tradition) -start of the chosen coincided with the rise of the ming -creation of an independent korean written language -from the 15th century onwards koreans were encouraged to explore alternative learning as part of the confucian emphasis on learning -had a 4 tiered class structure along chinese confucian lines -male succession and enforced patriarchy (few women's rights) |
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Describe some of the challenges that were faced by Choson Korea.
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-multiple crisis of legitimacy about if the ruling emperor appeared twice within 60 years (shows instability)
-japan invaded the peninsula as part of a war to stablish hegemony over korea and china -had to appeal to the ming to fend off the japanese invaders -japan called off the invasion but there had been huge damage done by looting and violence -then had to switch their alliance to the qing after the ming fell -infighting about power divided the country -political disagreements based on moral terms meant there would be no agreements |
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Describe the economic, social and political changed in Tokugawa Japan?
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-peace made economic growth possible
-increased agricultural productivity -technological improvements -population growth from 18 million at the start of the tokugawa period to 30 million by the middle of its period -population growth kept at a relatively manageable level -internal peace and economic vigour -samurai moved increasingly into beaurocratic and administrative positions -samurai was only allowed to wear certain clothing -adapted confucian values -no examination system in japan -focus on merit not being well born was what attracted the middle social groups (doctors/teachers) to confucian study |
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Describe the differences between the respective east asian countries adaptations of confucianism.
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How did the Tokugawa bakufu try to combat the series of financial crisis and discontent in the mid eighteenth century.
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-financial crisis due to poor harvests and natural causes
-major famines led to starvation and rural uprisings and urban riots -spending cuts on government expenditure -limit money to the samurais -attempt to fill high offices with only competent people by eliminating high hereditary rank -tried to raise taxes on both the diamyos and the peasants |
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Describe the first encounters east asian countries had with modern european powers, both for trade and colonially, and how these respective incidents were received.
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-portugese first in india, china and japan in 1400-1500
-jesuits in japan -"closing of japan" -jesuits in vietnam and china -christianity in china -chinese trade with the west |
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Describe the relations between China and the West since the end of their isolationist policy?
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-Treaty of Nanjing
-british demanded representation in beijing -opening of more ports |
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What was the relevance of the Taiping rebellion and what came of it?
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What were some of the symptoms of decline leading up to the end of Tokugawa rule in Japan?
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-internal crisis and western intrusion
-antiquated remedies to deal with these crisis -force peasants to return to their lands -push for a return to confucian morals -censorship became stricter -forced loans and dismissal of officials to cut costs -merchant monopolies broken up because they were unprofitable to the government and unpopular with the people -erosion of samurai values -opening of japan - public disliked the west and resented the government for allowing this -shogun died without an heir - crisis of succession -signing a treaty with the US -self strengthening movement -religious fuelled riots in the streets demonstrated tokugawa rule had fallen apart -price of rice rose with western trade |
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What were the three main military initiatives that Meiji engaged in during the 20 years following restoration? What were their causes
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-Taiwan expedition of 1874
-the satsuma rebellion of 1877 -the sino-japanese war of 1894-1895 -first two fought for domestic purposes as the new meiji government sought to consolidate its power -the sino japanese war was an outward looking venture: a test of strength with china on the korean peninsula |
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What was the post-Taiping revival in China during the end of the 19th century.
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-self strengthening movement (focus on military modernization and industry
-sent students abroad -missionaries arriving -confucian reforms -expenses and taxes were cut, relief projects to help those in need, public works, water controlled, granaries set up etc -strengthen scholarship through new libraries, opening schools, and examination reform to reduce beurocratic corruption |
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Describe the dynastic reforms introduced in Korea at the end of the 19th century. How did these shape the country?
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-punished corruption at court
-wanted to assert the power of the throne -appointed positions based on merit, not familial ties -hugely expensive royal palace constructed (peasant resentment) -commoners suffered in forced labor, taxation, inflation caused by the governments excessive minting of money to pay its bills -fended off all foreign western powers militantly -only exception was french missionaries -purge of catholics led to the french trying to force open korea, but they failed -japanese forced the koreans open to them -adopted aspects of japanese modernization into korea (self strengthening) -debate over whether china or japan had korea, which was settled by a treaty they both signed backing off -internal push for an "enlightenment" along the lines of japan rather then the hermit style of china -japanese established spheres of influence at ports -japan modernized korea to their own benefit |
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What was the relevance and circumstances of the Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea?
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-when there was a major political rebellion in korea (tonghak rebellion) the korean government appealed to china for help, when they dispached forces, japan sent their force in as well
-japan decisively beat china on both sea and and land -japan was better equipped, better led and more united than china -china renounced its traditional special role in korea in the treaty of shimonoseki -china granted japan most favored nation status and opened to them seven trading ports -resulted in a dramatic shift in the east asian balance of power from china to japan |
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Describe the last years of the Qing Chinese dynasty leading up to the Revolution of 1911
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-desire for drastic reforms that were no longer confucian in principle
-wanted a constitutional monarchy along the lines of meiji japan -moderate reforms such as military modernization, education, monetary and fiscal reforms were allowed by empress dowager -exiled the most revolutionary thinkers -chinas defeat by japan exposed their weakness, which led to a western scramble to secure assets in china (territorial and treaty acquisitions) -loans forced on the qing -obtain rights to railways, ports and leases etc -boxer rising in response to harsh economic conditions, fuelled by anti-foreignism -foreign capital controlled most of economy -protests and small revolutions in the cities -sun yat-sen -wanted nationalism, democracy, overthrow of dynasty, creation of a republic, -abolition of exam system by empress dowager -investing in schools -students became increasingly resistive and revolutionary the more they were educated |
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Describe the Chinese revolution of 1911
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-the attempts to modernize were handicapped by chinese financial weakness
-qing took on foreign loans in order to nationalize the railroads, which enraged the public -province after province dominoes into revolt -provisional revolutionary government established in nanjing with sun yat-sen as president -manchu child-emperor formally abdicated, ending the dynasty -started the Republic of China |
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Describe the characteristics of the late Meiji period, 1895-1912.
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-regained fill control over its customs duties through treaties and tariffs (no longer under any american control)
-profited from the most favoured nations status in china, so could trade there tariff free -established factories in china -russo-japanese war won by the japanese (established military supremacy) -gained railways and leaseholds in manchuria from the russians after the war from the portsmouth treaty -winning the wars led to booms in nationalism -shipbuilding industry internationally comparable -exported silk -urbanization widened the gap between classes -increasing military control over the government |
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Describe the effects of World War on on Japan during the taisho period.
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-as western allies diverted their attentions to the war, opportunities for trade/expanding sphere of influence in asia opened up
-russo-japanese war in which they lost(?) -economy boomed during the war -increased demand for industrial products (no more european competition) -from a debtor to a creditor nation -inflation meant people couldn't afford rice -refused to grant universal suffrage, and instead passed laws reenforcing a tax qualification for voting. -damaged public image of political parties due to scandals and corruption -western cultural influences wildly affected lifestyle, diet, housing and dress. |
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Summarize the varying circumstances that colonial powers found themselves coming into when expanding into east asia.
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-though colonialism was a worldwide phenomena its forms and dynamics differed depending on time, place and the parties involved. for example, when japan aquired taiwan it took a lightly populated island that had been only recently and incompletely sanitized but when it took korea it seized a foreign civilization in its entirety, complete with its own language, history and customs. In Indochina the french were overlords to the people who were entirely different from themselves linguistically, racially and culturally but in korea the japanese took over a neighbouring people with whom they were able to communicate readily via chinese characters and with whose culture they already had much in common.
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Compare/contract the experiences of colonialism in Vietnam and Korea.
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-both used force and intimidation in the process of taking over the colony and the maintenance of enough military and police power to overwhelm any possible local resistance
-establishment of a colonial administration that employed colonial people in the lower ranks of bureaucracy, police and educational system -provided avenues for limited advancement to colonized people who were willing to identify with the regime -development of anti-colonial movements -anger at treatment as second-class citizens -growing nationalist movements |
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Describe what Vietnam was like under French colonial rule.
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-started with the annexation of cochin-china in the south
-french assumed administrative control including tax collection -vietnam was divided into 3, with the capital in the centre. there was not enough national unity to fend off the french decisively so it gradually succumb to colonial rule -large landholdings in the hands of a few -exploited resources for france (particularly during the war) -western medicine lengthened life expectancy but most experienced declining standards of living -increased agricultural production but food scarcities still effected -elites lacked an ideology to unite them -french education system revealed how shitty their colonial situation was - wanted change -looked to various political and ideological structures through self strengthening and study abroad programs -Ho Chi Minh presided over the founding of the vietnamese communist party in 1930 -unsuccessfuly attempted to grant vietnam self-determination at the paris peace confrence |
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Describe the effects of Japanese colonial rule on Korea.
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-korean gov. signed over the peninsula in exchange for favoured treatment
-Japanese expansionism (wanted resources) -dissolution of all ties to china -restructured into a constitutional monarchy -no more class distinction or exams -japanese built infrastructure and public works in korea but that was for their benefit, not koreas -censorship and restriction of rights to assembly -punished/rewarded for cooperation in new regime -standardized education (non exam system now) -korean independence uprising of 1919 was squashed by the japanese and chosen gov. -after japanese granted concessions to korea and tried to appear less oppressively militantly ruling -Korean communist party formed -exploited for war production, built infrastructure -punished korean language/nationalism during the war; tried to assimilate them into japanese style -colonial police ruled through fear |
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Talk about the role of Taiwan as a disputed colony.
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What effect did the great depression have on the eastern asian countries?
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-USSR turned to extreme communism
-italy and germany turned to fascism -japan turned to militarism to seize power from the liberal parties who they viewed as incompetent -in china the military gained power and prestige -the western countries and league of nations were too preoccupied with their own their domestic problems to interfere with the east -failure of the leage to respond to japanese expansionism in manchuria (manchurian incident) violated the idea of collective security. |
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Describe the move to Japanese military control in the lead up to WW2.
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-patriotic societies assassinated prominent men in government like the prime minister: the government was seen as the enemy so this was actually looked on almost positively by the public
-power shifted away from the political parties and into the hands of civilian bureaucrats and the military -parties too weak to control the military -compromised with the military to avert a complete overthrow of the existing order -military expenditure stimulated the economy and pulled them out of the depression |
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Discuss the spread of communism in China.
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Explain the course of the Chinese civil wars of the 1920's and 1930's.
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How was china effected by the second world war?
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-thrilled when the US entered the war, needed an ally
-japanese cut off the burma road which made allied relief supplies to china need to be flown in -china was not a high priority for the americans -valuable to the US in that it tied down large amounts of japanese troops -state of the chinese army was appalling: underfed, mistreated and incompetent -misery and corruption in the army -famine, inflation, and lack of public morale -japanese seized the port towns and abused the civilian populations -rape of nanking -communist party membership skyrocketed and came out of the war stronger than ever -japanese attacks on the CCP made apolitical peasants turn political |
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How did world war two expand into the pacific theatre.
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-first concerned with the USSR, but treaties rendered them a neural ally at the start of the war
-allied strategically with the germans and italians through the tripartite pact -hitler's invasion of russia gave japan two options: go north against russia (traditional enemy) or go south to secure resources and "greater east asian co-prospriety sphere" -went south and moved into china and colonies which pissed off the states -embargo on oil to japan by the US -fight or surrender, which forced japans hand -preemptively attacked pearl harbour in an attempt to knock america out long enough to establish strongholds |
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Describe the state of Japan during world war two
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-increased government role in industry, commerce and agriculture to enforce productivity for the war and to minimize disturbance
-gov paid bonuses to the farmers -nationalist, unified homefront: "spiritual mobilization" -purge of popular culture -were only told positive things about the war effort which made the japanese loss shocking to accept for the japanese |
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How did the Japanese go about the formation of the "greater east asian co-prosperity sphere"
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-expanded south west into china and the asian regions under the pretence of creating this co-prosperity sphere but in reality it was to secure resources
-first ruled these areas with a heavy hand and with little regard for the local people (exploited them) -when it became clear the americans were becoming a threat, the japanese tactic switched to trying to make the people think it was in their interest to be apart of this sphere -appealed to the idea of a collective asian identity |
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Describe the circumstances that contributed to the end of the war.
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-island hopping americans made japan within bombing reach: strategic bombing campaign on industrial and civilian targets
-huge scarcities of just about everything in japan -civilian leaders in japan tried to seek out a peace agreement but that was prohibited by the need for unconditional surrender and the USSR's desire to keep the war going as long as possible so that they could secure territory in asia -firebombing raids -kamikaze planes necessary due to lack of fuel -Horoshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs -USSR entered the war which was the tipping factor in the surrender of the japanese (realized there could be no agreement with the USSR and that instead they were coming in to destroy them, so they figured it was better to just surrender before they could get there) -emperor went over the radio and declared surrender, telling people to lay down their swords |
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In the direct aftermath of the second world war, what were the effects on east asia.
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-japan had to relinquish manchuria, taiwan and korea
-the chinese communists triumphed -korea was divided -japan was completely remodelled -the question of vietnam was being decided |
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Describe how the Chinese Communist Party was able to defeat the Guomindang in the chinese civil war post ww2.
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-americans and russians officially recognized the Guomindang as controlling china after ww2
-tried to negotiate between the two groups -the CCP had disciplined, well organized political and military leadership which made it look credible which contrasted with the Guomindang who promised reform only after the war was done. -CCP dynamism and Guomindang decay -one decisive battle at the longhai railway turned the civil war decisively in favour of the CCP -nationalist guomindang soldiers defected or surrendered and were incorporated into the peoples liberation army -Mao zedong declared the establishment of the peoples republic of china -some small fighting, but it was clear the CCP was in charge of the chinese mainland (taiwan was a guomindang stronghold and was officially recognized by the states) |
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Describe how Japan was reformed by the Occupation authorities after its unconditional surrender in the second world war.
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-was essentially controlled by the americans
-wanted to demilitarize japan, create peace and democracy -provided relief to prevent famine, rebuilding the economy wasn't a priority until USSR communism became a threat -international tribunals led to the purge of 200,000 people found guilty for crimes of war -emperor not charged as a criminal; exploited for his influence -american written democratic constitution -decreased power of central government and encouraged local self-government -standardized high school education -attacked militaristic and authoritarian values -womens rights and universal suffrage -land reform; gov. redistributed excess land to its former tenants -tried to eliminate the concentrations of economic power -demilitarization halted due to USSR threat -korean war stimulated the economy through its demand for wartime goods -elections and political parties reinstated -influx of foreign culture resulted in japan |
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Describe the events and causes of the Korean War.
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-Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations vs. the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), at one time supported by China and the Soviet Union
-allies divided korea on the 38th parallel after the war with the soviets up north (communist) and US in the south (right wing) -lack of moved to reunify the sides or grant independent rule led to the north invading the south: started the war -the league of nations, america, china and the USSR all stepped in to fight for their repective political allys side of vietnam -armistace was finally signed and the division was redrawn around the 38th parallel with a demilitarized zone -paternalistic attitudes on behalf of the other nations -seen as an outlet for cold war tensions -republic of korea had no say in the armistice |
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Describe how the events of WW2 contributed to the Vietnamese struggle for independence in 1939-1956
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-tehran conference: "international trusteeship" for indochina (paternalistic)
-disregarded rise in nationalism (local councils ran operations when france pulled out) -League for the Independence of Vietnam run by Ho Chi Minh "Viet Minh" -viet minh replaced japanese when they pulled out but only until soviet and french forces arrived -Democratic republic of vietnam, "all men are created equal": but was not recognized by the US -civil war between the french colonialists and viet minh nationalists -didnt want to leave due to communist vulnerability (french tried to find an alternative to Ho Chi Minh) -Associated State of Vietnam supported by US and french (glorified french colony) -USSR & China's support of DRV meant US funded efforts to suppress the DRV -DRV improved some standards of living (supported not just for anti-colonialism) -DRV overran french garrison forcing surrender -divided on the 17th parallel: DRV north Associated State of Vietnam south |
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How was the Peoples Republic of China restructured under the rule of Mao Zedong?
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-parallel government and party structures modelled after USSR
-divided into provinces -women received equality -fought corruption and waste in burocuracy -tried in increase party membership -improve public health -country has been war torn and economically unstable - socialist state restored production and stabilized economy (focus on heavy industry) -reeducation of the public on communism -censorship -intellectual reform (questioned by public) |
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What was the "Great Leap Forward" and what were the results of it?
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-was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1961. The campaign was led by Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. The campaign caused the Great Chinese Famine.
-only time when chinas economy shrank -formed collective communes -sino-soviet ideological split |
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What was the great cultural revolution of the Peoples Republic of China and the "winding down" that followed it?
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-utopian aims = disastrous results
-motivated by mao -red guard youth police brutality -destruction of the establishment - Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce communism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and to impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The Revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power after the failed Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and significantly affected the country economically and socially. - violent factional struggles that ensued across the country, and suffered a wide range of abuses including public humiliation, arbitrary imprisonment, torture -more moderate & less police control winding down |
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In what ways has the Peoples Republic of China changed since the death of Mao Zedong in 1976?
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-4 Modernizations - directed at agriculture, industry, science, and defense, the aim was to modernize China into an industrial state.
-rewarded merit and hard work -population growth concerns - natural pollution -lightened up on censorship and the arts -tiananmen square student protest suppression showed government rifts -less economic state control -corruption and misuse of gov. funds -reimergence of religion |
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What reforms were made in order to create the "New Japan" in the years following the second world war? How successful were these reforms in positively effecting Japan?
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-economic boom due to korea and no military spending
-worlds leading ship builder, iron and steel -parties debated over involvement with the states (left was against it) -emphasis on high technology instead of pure production to decrease dependence on import goods (more sustainable in world market) -balance of payment between US and Japan was in japans favour -economic growth = affluence = improved quality of life -environmental pollution problems -loosening of traditional values/obligations -kept economy stable because they had so much money to intervene in public works |
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Describe the lasting effect the Korean civil war had on the country politically, socially, economically and militarily.
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-south had to industrialize since it had been previously agricultural
-dependant on foreign aid for almost everything initially -republic of korea (south) was secluded to most at ions except the US and anti-communists -military government in south -consolidated economic infrastructure -growth of civil society, education and world status -shift from military dictatorship to democracy seen at olympics in south -north is a hermit state |
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What factors led to the Vietnam War. Describe the conflict and how it was handled. What resolution came about?
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-said that in 2 years there would be nation wide elecrions that would be UN supervised and the country would be re-unified which the DRV was confident it would win
-ruler of the south RVN, refuses to participate in these elections because he knew he wouldn’t win and the Americans backed him. - north pissed starts war -made allies with the national liberation front which was a geurilla force eatablished in the geographic side of RVN -bombing the north into submission in order to halt the NLF geurilla attacks on the RVN -tet offensive breaks american will to stay there -north is convinced by the USSR and china to surrender to the Americans now, wait a few years to let the Americans leave, and then attack the south |
