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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What idea is the kinetic-molecular theory based on?
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That particles of matter are always in motion.
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What is an ideal gas?
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A hypothetical gas that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.
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What is an elastic collision?
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A collision in which there is no net loss of total kinetic energy.
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What is diffusion?
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Spontaneous mixing of the particles of two substances caused by their random motion.
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What is effusion?
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A process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening.
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What is a real gas?
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A gas that does not behave completely according to the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.
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What is a fluid?
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A substance that can flow and therefore take the shape of it's container.
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What is surface tension?
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A force that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size.
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What is capillary action?
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The attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid.
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What is vaporization?
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The process by which a liquid or a solid changes to a gas.
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Evaporation is a form of vaporization.
TRUE or FALSE? |
True.
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What is evaporation?
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The process by which particles escape from the surface of a nonboiling liquid and enter the gas state.
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What is freezing/solidification?
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The physical change of a liquid to a solid by removal of energy as heat.
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What is a phase?
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Any part of a system that has uniform composition and properties.
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What is condensation?
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The process by which a gas changes to a liquid.
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What is equilibrium?
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A dynamic condition in which two opposing changes occur at equal rates in a closed system.
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What is the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid?
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The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature.
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What are volatile liquids?
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Liquids that evaporate readily. They have relatively weak forces of attraction between their particles.
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What is boiling?
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The conversion of a liquid to a vapor within the liquid as well as at its surface.
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What is the boiling point of a liquid?
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The temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.
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What is the liquid's molar enthalpy of vaporization?
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The amount of energy as heat that is needed to vaporize one mole of liquid at the liquid's boiling point at constant pressure.
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What is freezing point?
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The temperature at which the solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure.
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What is the solid's molar enthalpy of fusion?
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The amount of energy as heat needed to melt one mole of solid at the solid's melting point.
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What is sublimation?
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The change of state from a solid directly to a gas.
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What is deposition?
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The change of state from a gas directly to a solid.
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What is a phase diagram?
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A graph of pressure versus temperature that shows the conditions under which the phases of a substance exist.
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What is a triple point of a substance?
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It indicates the temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and vapor if the substance can coexist at equilibrium.
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Point _ is the triple point of water.
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A
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Point _ is the critical point of water.
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C
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What is the critical point of a substance?
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It indicates the critical temperature/pressure.
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What is the critical temperature of a substance?
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The temperature above the substance at which it can no longer exist in the liquid state.
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What is the critical temperature of water?
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373.99*C.
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What is the critical pressure of a substance?
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The lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature.
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What is the critical pressure of water?
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217.75 atm.
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What can the kinetic-molecular theory of matter be used to explain?
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The properties of gases, liquids, and solids.
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______ consist of large numbers of tiny, fast-moving particles that are far apart relative to their size.
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Gases
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The particles of a liquid are ____ and ____ ordered than those of a gas and are ____ ordered than those of a solid.
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closer, more, less
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Liquids have a _____ volume and a fairly ____ density, and they are relatively _________.
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definite, high, incompressible
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What property to liquids and gases have in common?
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They can both flow and are thus considered fluids.
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The particles of a _____ are not nearly as free to move about as those of a _____ or ____ are.
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solid, liquid, gas
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Solids have a definite ______ and ______.
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shape, volume
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______ may be crystalline or amorphous.
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Solids
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Solids are generally fluids.
TRUE or FALSE? |
False, they're nonfluids.
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What is a crystal structure?
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The total 3-D array of points that describes the arrangement of the particles of a crystal.
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Unlike _______ solids, ________ solids do not have a highly ordered structure or a regular shape.
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crystalline, amorphous
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A liquid in a closed system will gradually reach a liquid-vapor equilibrium as the rate at which molecules condense equals the rate at which they _______.
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evaporate
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When two opposing changes occur at equal rates in the same closed system, the system is said to be in ________ equilibrium.
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dynamic
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Water is a _____ covalent compound.
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polar
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What is responsible for the relatively high melting point, molar enthalpy of fusion, boiling point, and molar enthalpy vaporization of water?
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The structure and hydrogen bonding within it.
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What five assumptions are the kinetic-molecular theory of gases based on?
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1. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size.
2. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and container walls are elastic collisions. 3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. They therefore possess kinetic energy, which is energy of motion. 4. There are no forces of attractions between gas particles. 5. The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles of the gas. |
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KE = 1/2mv^2
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m = mass of particle
v = speed of particle |
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___ particles typically occupy a volume that is about a 1000 times greater than the volume occupied by an equal number of particles in the liquid or solid state.
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Gas
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What causes the low density in gas and the ability for gases to be easily compressed?
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The fact that most of the volume occupied by a gas is empty space.
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Kinetic energy is ________ between two particles during collisions.
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transferred
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The total kinetic energy of the two particles in a collision remains the same as long as __________ is constant.
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temperature
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The kinetic energy of gas particles overcomes the attractive forces between them except where?
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Near the temperature at which the gas condenses and becomes a liquid.
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When gas particles collide, what happens?
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They immediately bounce apart again.
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All the particles of a specific gas have the same _____, but their _____________ depend on their speed.
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mass, kinetic energies
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The average speeds and kinetic energies of gas particles ________ with an increase in temperature.
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increase
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At the same temperature, all gases have ______ kinetic energies.
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equal
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Lighter gas particles have _____ average speeds than do heavier gas particles when they are at the same temperature.
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higher
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The kinetic-molecular theory applies only to _____ gases.
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ideal
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Are ideal gases in existence?
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Nope.
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Many gases behave nearly ideally if pressure is not very ____ and temperature is not very ____.
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high, low
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Use kinetic-molecular theory to explain expansion in gases.
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Gas particles move rapidly in all directions, without significant attraction between them.
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Use kinetic-molecular theory to explain fluidity in gases.
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Because the attractive forces between gas particles are insignificant, gar particles glide easily past one another.
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Use kinetic-molecular theory to explain low density in gases.
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The particles are so much father apart in the gaseous state.
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The density of a gaseous substance at atmospheric pressure much _______ than the density of the same substance in the liquid or solid state.
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lower
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Use kinetic-molecular theory to explain compressibility in gases.
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The gas particles, which are initially very far apart, are crowded closer together.
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Gases spread out and mix with another without even being stirred.
TRUE or FALSE? |
True.
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Why do gases diffuse readily into one another and mix together?
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Because of the rapid motion of the molecules and the empty space between the molecules.
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The rates of effusion of different gases are directly proportional to the ______ of their particles.
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velocities
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Molecules of low mass effuse _________ than molecules of high mass.
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faster
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At very high pressures and low temperatures, the gas particles will be closer together and their kinetic energy will be ________ to overcome completely the attractive forces.
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insufficient
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What kinds of gases are more likely to show ideal behavior?
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The noble gases.
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The kinetic-molecular theory is more likely to hold true for gases whose particles have what?
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Little attraction for each other.
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The ____ polar the molecules of a gas are, the greater the attractive forces between them and the more the gas will deviate from ideal gas behavior.
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more
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Highly _____ gases deviate from ideal behavior to a larger degree than _______ gases.
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polar, nonpolar
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Liquids are the _____ common state of matter in the universe.
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least
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